All About Scrap Waste Tyre Recycling Plant: Specifications, Performance, and Common Uses

Types of Scrap Waste Tyre Recycling Plants

Scrap and waste tyre recycling plants vary significantly based on operational methods, machinery configurations, and production capacity. These differences determine their suitability for small, medium, or large-scale operations. Understanding the various types of systems and equipment involved is essential for selecting the right setup for efficient and sustainable tyre recycling.

Continuous Tyre Recycling Plant

Designed for high-volume operations, continuous recycling plants process tyres in a constant, uninterrupted flow. Tyres are fed into the system at regular intervals, allowing for non-stop operation without the need for repeated heating and cooling cycles.

Advantages

• High processing efficiency and throughput
• Lower energy consumption per ton due to consistent operation
• Reduced labor requirements for large-scale production
• Ideal for industrial and commercial recycling facilities

Limitations

• High initial investment and complex setup
• Limited flexibility for process adjustments
• Requires steady supply of tyres to maintain efficiency

Best for: Large-scale industrial operations, continuous production environments, high-volume recycling centers

Batch (Batchwise) Tyre Recycling Plant

Batch systems process tyres in discrete groups or cycles. Each batch undergoes complete heating, processing, and cooling before the next cycle begins. This modular approach allows greater control over each phase of recycling.

Advantages

• Greater operational flexibility and control
• Easier to install and maintain
• Lower initial capital investment
• Suitable for variable input volumes and smaller operations

Limitations

• Less energy-efficient due to repeated heating/cooling
• Lower overall throughput compared to continuous systems
• Higher labor involvement per unit processed

Best for: Small to medium-sized recycling businesses, pilot projects, and operations with fluctuating feedstock availability

Core Processing Equipment in Tyre Recycling Plants

Modern tyre recycling facilities rely on specialized machinery to break down tyres into reusable materials such as crumb rubber, steel, and fiber. The following are key components used across both continuous and batch systems:

Shredders

Shredders serve as the primary size-reduction machines in tyre recycling. Primary shredders cut whole tyres into smaller chunks (typically 50–100 mm), while secondary shredders further reduce these pieces to 10–20 mm fragments. These systems prepare the material for downstream processing like granulation or crumb rubber production.

Key Features

• High-torque, low-speed design for durability
• Cuts through steel belts and sidewalls efficiently
• Reduces volume for easier handling and transport

Considerations

• Requires regular blade maintenance
• May need pre-sorting to remove contaminants

Granulators

Granulators refine tyre shreds into uniform rubber granules smaller than 4 mm. These machines use high-speed rotating blades to produce consistent particle sizes suitable for applications like rubber mats, playground surfaces, and asphalt modification.

Benefits

• Produces marketable granulated rubber
• Precise size control for quality output
• High processing speed after initial shredding

Challenges

• Sensitive to metal contamination
• Generates heat; may require cooling systems

Rasps and Mill Machines

Rasps and rubber mill machines are used to grind tyre shreds into fine rubber powder (typically 80–200 mesh). These machines operate under controlled conditions with integrated cooling fans to prevent overheating, which can degrade rubber quality. Adjustable attachments allow customization of particle size for specific industrial applications.

Advantages

• Produces high-value rubber powder
• Versatile for different end products
• Can be integrated into automated lines

Drawbacks

• High energy consumption
• Requires precise temperature control
• Regular maintenance needed for grinding components

Steel Separation Systems

Since tyres contain steel belts and bead wires, magnetic separation systems are essential for extracting ferrous metals. Powerful overhead or inline magnets pull steel from the rubber stream, ensuring clean, metal-free output. Recovered steel can be sold to scrap metal recyclers, adding revenue potential.

Benefits

• Efficient recovery of valuable steel
• Improves purity of rubber product
• Low operating cost after installation

Limits

• Only removes ferrous metals (non-ferrous metals need other methods)
• Magnets require cleaning and maintenance

Dust and Fiber Removal Systems

After size reduction, recycled rubber often contains textile fibers and fine dust from tyre fabrics. Air aspiration units, cyclones, and screening systems remove these impurities, resulting in cleaner, higher-grade rubber. This step is crucial for meeting industry standards in applications like molded rubber products or construction materials.

Key Functions

• Enhances product purity and marketability
• Reduces contamination in final applications
• Improves safety by minimizing airborne particles

Challenges

• Additional equipment increases system complexity
• Filtration systems require regular servicing

Secondary Separation Equipment

To achieve complete material recovery, advanced separation technologies such as air classifiers, vibrating screens, and density separators are used. These systems sort rubber granules by size and separate non-metallic components like nylon and polyester fibers. This ensures maximum yield and purity across all output streams.

Advantages

• Maximizes resource recovery
• Produces multiple saleable by-products
• Supports zero-waste recycling goals

Limitations

• Higher capital and operational costs
• Requires skilled operators for optimal performance

Expert Tip: For optimal efficiency, integrate shredding, granulation, and separation systems into a fully automated line—especially in continuous plants. This reduces manual handling, improves safety, and ensures consistent output quality.

Industrial Applications of Scrap Waste Tyre Recycling Plants

Scrap waste tyre recycling plants play a vital role in transforming end-of-life tyres into valuable secondary raw materials, contributing to circular economy goals and sustainable industrial development. These facilities help reduce landfill burden, lower carbon emissions, and conserve natural resources by repurposing one of the most persistent waste streams in modern transportation. The recycled outputs—such as crumb rubber, steel, recovered carbon black, and pyrolysis oil—find diverse applications across multiple industries, from construction to energy production.

Manufacturing New Rubber Products

Through mechanical shredding and granulation, recycling plants convert used tyres into high-quality rubber granules and fine powders. These materials serve as feedstock for manufacturing a wide range of rubber-based products, including:

• Rubber mats for gyms, industrial flooring, and anti-fatigue standing pads
• Playground safety surfacing and impact-absorbing tiles
• Automotive components such as floor mats, mud flaps, and sound insulation panels
• Reclaimed rubber for blending into new tyre treads and industrial hoses

This process significantly reduces reliance on virgin rubber sourced from rubber trees, helping preserve natural ecosystems and reduce deforestation in tropical regions.

Concrete Enhancement and Lightweight Aggregates

Shredded tyre rubber, known as tyre-derived aggregate (TDA), is increasingly used as a partial substitute for traditional aggregates in concrete mixtures. When incorporated into concrete, rubber particles produce a lighter, more flexible material with improved thermal insulation and vibration damping properties.

This modified rubberized concrete is ideal for:

• Sound barriers along highways
• Bridge abutments and seismic-resistant structures
• Pavements and lightweight wall panels
• Drainage layers in road construction

The use of rubber in concrete also helps mitigate the "brittle failure" common in traditional concrete, enhancing durability under dynamic loads.

Rubber-Modified Asphalt for Road Construction

One of the most widespread and successful applications of recycled tyre material is in asphalt paving. Crumb rubber is blended into asphalt binders to create rubberized asphalt, a high-performance paving material now used globally.

Benefits include:

• Up to 50% reduction in reflective cracking
• Extended pavement lifespan by 2–3 times compared to conventional asphalt
• Improved skid resistance and noise reduction (up to 5–7 decibels quieter)
• Enhanced flexibility in extreme temperatures, reducing rutting and pothole formation

This technology is widely adopted in roadways, airport runways, parking lots, and bridge decks, offering long-term cost savings and reduced maintenance needs.

Artificial Turf Infill Systems

Recycled rubber granules—often referred to as "crumb rubber"—are a key component in synthetic turf systems used for sports fields, soccer pitches, and playgrounds. The infill supports the synthetic grass blades, provides cushioning, and improves traction.

Advantages of rubber infill include:

• Superior shock absorption, reducing athlete injury risks
• Consistent playing surface performance in all weather conditions
• Durability and resistance to compaction over time
• Cost-effective alternative to sand or cork-based infills

Modern processing ensures the rubber is cleaned, de-magnetized, and free of fibers, meeting safety standards for recreational use.

Tyre-Derived Fuel (TDF) for Industrial Energy

Due to their high calorific value (approximately 30–35 MJ/kg), shredded tyres are an efficient alternative fuel source. Tyre-Derived Fuel (TDF) is used in energy-intensive industries such as:

• Cement kilns – replacing coal and reducing fossil fuel consumption
• Paper and pulp mills – providing consistent heat for drying processes
• Steel manufacturing plants – supplementing traditional fuels

TDF burns hotter and longer than coal, with lower sulfur content, making it a cleaner-burning option when properly managed in controlled combustion environments with emission controls.

Waste-to-Energy via Pyrolysis

Advanced recycling plants utilize pyrolysis technology to thermally decompose tyres in an oxygen-limited environment. This process yields three valuable outputs:

• Syngas: Can be used to generate electricity or heat for plant operations
• Pyrolysis oil: A liquid fuel substitute for diesel or heavy fuel oil in industrial boilers
• Carbon-rich char: Used as a solid fuel or processed into activated carbon

These systems enable closed-loop energy recovery, significantly reducing dependence on imported petroleum and supporting local energy resilience.

Steel Recovery and Industrial Reinforcement

Each passenger tyre contains approximately 6–8 kg of high-tensile steel wire. Recycling plants efficiently separate this steel through magnetic extraction, producing clean scrap steel suitable for recycling.

Applications include:

• Feedstock in electric arc furnace (EAF) steel mills, reducing the need for virgin iron ore
• Steel fiber reinforcement in concrete for industrial flooring, tunnels, and precast elements
• Manufacturing new automotive and industrial parts

Recycling tyre steel saves energy and reduces greenhouse gas emissions by up to 75% compared to primary steel production.

Innovative Use in the Mining Industry

The carbon-rich char produced during pyrolysis has emerging applications in metallurgical processes. In the mining sector, this recovered carbon shows promise as a sustainable reducing agent in smelting operations.

Potential benefits include:

• Replacement for charcoal or coke in certain reduction processes
• Lower net carbon footprint due to utilization of waste-derived carbon
• Cost savings in remote mining operations where fuel transport is expensive

Research is ongoing to optimize the quality and consistency of tyre-derived char for large-scale industrial adoption in extractive metallurgy.

Important: While the industrial applications of scrap tyre recycling are highly beneficial, proper processing and emission controls are essential—especially in combustion and pyrolysis operations. Ensuring compliance with environmental regulations, using clean technologies, and prioritizing worker safety are critical to maximizing the sustainability and public acceptance of tyre recycling initiatives.

Product Specifications and Features of the Scrap Waste Tyre Recycling Plant

Modern scrap waste tyre recycling plants are engineered to transform end-of-life tyres into valuable, reusable materials through a series of automated and semi-automated processes. These systems are designed for high throughput, energy efficiency, and environmental sustainability. Below is a comprehensive breakdown of the key features, installation requirements, operational use, and maintenance practices essential for optimal performance.

Feedstock Processing Capabilities

These recycling plants are built to handle a wide variety of used tyres, regardless of size or condition. This versatility ensures maximum input flexibility and reduces pre-sorting labor.

• Processes passenger car, truck, bus, and OTR (off-the-road) tyres, including large mining and agricultural tyres
• Handles tyres with or without rims—integrated de-beading units remove steel rims automatically
• Accepts whole tyres directly, eliminating the need for manual disassembly
• Designed for continuous feeding with automated conveyor systems to maintain steady throughput

Key advantage: Broad compatibility increases plant utilization and profitability.

Shredding & Size Reduction

Efficient size reduction is critical for downstream separation and processing. The shredding process typically involves two stages to achieve uniform particle size.

• Primary shredder: Breaks whole tyres into chunks (50–100 mm) using slow-speed, high-torque cutters
• Secondary shredder: Further reduces material to 10–20 mm particles suitable for granulation or separation
• Equipped with overload protection and auto-reversal to prevent jams
• Durable, replaceable blades made from hardened steel ensure long service life

Performance tip: Regular blade inspection maintains consistent output and reduces energy consumption.

Separation Technologies

Advanced separation systems ensure high-purity recovery of rubber, steel, and textile components—maximizing the value of recycled outputs.

• Magnetic separators: Extract ferrous steel wire (up to 99% efficiency) for resale to steel mills
• Air classifiers: Use airflow to separate lightweight fabric from heavier rubber granules
• Vibrating screens: Sort rubber by size (e.g., 0.5–2 mm, 2–4 mm) for different end markets
• Optional fiber separation: Additional cyclones or suction systems remove fine textile particles

Innovation highlight: Multi-stage separation increases yield and reduces waste to under 5%.

Granulation & Milling

For higher-value applications, rubber granules can be further processed into fine powders used in industrial manufacturing.

• Granulators: Reduce 10–20 mm rubber chips into 0.5–4 mm granules
• Cryogenic mills: Use liquid nitrogen to freeze rubber for ultra-fine powder (down to 80 mesh)
• Ambient mills: Lower-cost option for producing 30–80 mesh rubber powder
• Integrated cooling and dust collection systems maintain safe operating conditions

Market advantage: Fine rubber powder commands premium pricing in rubber compound and polymer industries.

Installation Guidelines for Optimal Performance

Successful installation of a scrap tyre recycling plant requires careful planning, site preparation, and coordination of utilities and safety systems. Proper setup ensures long-term reliability and compliance with environmental and safety regulations.

Site Selection & Layout

Choosing the right location and designing an efficient layout are foundational to smooth operations.

• Requires a minimum of 1–2 acres for medium-scale plants (3–5 tons/hour)
• Proximity to tyre collection centers, landfills, or transport hubs reduces input costs
• Flat, paved surface with proper drainage to support heavy machinery and prevent runoff
• Buffer zones and sound barriers recommended if near residential areas

Best practice: Conduct a site feasibility study including traffic access, zoning, and environmental impact.

Equipment Arrangement & Material Flow

Efficient material flow minimizes bottlenecks and maximizes throughput.

• Linear or U-shaped layout ensures tyres move smoothly from shredding to separation
• Conveyor systems should be aligned to prevent spillage and reduce manual handling
• Include staging areas for incoming tyres and storage of finished products
• Allow sufficient clearance around machines for maintenance and safety

Design tip: Use 3D modeling software to simulate workflow before installation.

Utilities & Power Requirements

Reliable utility connections are essential for uninterrupted operation.

• Electrical supply: 3-phase power (400V/480V), typically 150–500 kW depending on plant size
• Water supply: Needed for dust suppression and cooling systems (closed-loop systems reduce consumption)
• Fuel: Required for pyrolysis units if included (natural gas, diesel, or waste oil)
• Optional: Solar panels or biogas generators can offset energy costs and improve sustainability

Sustainability note: Energy recovery systems can reuse heat from motors and processes.

Safety & Compliance

Safety is paramount when operating heavy machinery and handling flammable materials.

• Install machine guards, emergency stop buttons, and warning signage
• Provide PPE (helmets, gloves, hearing protection) for all personnel
• Implement fire suppression systems, especially near shredders and storage areas
• Comply with OSHA, EPA, or local environmental and occupational safety regulations

Critical reminder: Conduct regular safety drills and equipment audits.

Operational Use: From Tyres to Valuable Byproducts

Every component of a scrap tyre is recoverable and can be transformed into marketable products, contributing to a circular economy.

Pro Tip: Integrating pyrolysis technology can significantly boost profitability by converting rubber residue into oil and carbon black. However, ensure proper emission controls and permits are in place to meet environmental standards.

Maintenance & Repair Best Practices

Regular maintenance extends equipment lifespan, reduces downtime, and ensures consistent output quality. A proactive maintenance strategy is key to long-term success.

Preventive Maintenance

• Daily checks: Inspect blades, screens, and bearings for wear; listen for unusual noises or vibrations
• Lubrication: Grease gears, chains, and bearings weekly using high-temperature industrial grease
• Conveyor belts: Check tension, alignment, and surface wear; clean debris buildup regularly
• Cooling systems: Clear dust from fans, vents, and heat exchangers to prevent motor overheating

Maintenance schedule: Follow manufacturer-recommended intervals and log all service activities.

Troubleshooting & Repairs

• Blade dulling: Resharpen or replace every 3–6 months depending on usage
• Motor overload: Check for material jams or misaligned conveyors
• Separation inefficiency: Clean air filters and recalibrate magnetic strength
• Vibration issues: Inspect for unbalanced rotors or worn bearings

Expert advice: Keep a spare parts inventory (blades, belts, screens) to minimize downtime.

Additional Considerations

• Automation Level: Modern plants offer PLC controls and remote monitoring for real-time performance tracking
• Environmental Compliance: Install dust collectors and emission scrubbers to meet air quality standards
• Scalability: Modular designs allow for future expansion as demand grows
• Training: Provide comprehensive operator training to ensure safe and efficient plant operation
• Warranty & Support: Choose suppliers with strong after-sales service and technical support networks

Professional Recommendation: For new operators, start with a medium-capacity plant (1–3 tons/hour) to gain experience before scaling up. Focus on producing high-quality rubber granules and steel wire—these have stable markets and simpler processing requirements. As operations mature, consider adding granulation or pyrolysis units to increase revenue streams.

Quality and Safety Considerations of the Scrap Waste Tyre Recycling Plant

Scrap waste tyre recycling is a vital process for environmental sustainability, transforming end-of-life tyres into reusable materials such as rubber granules, crumb rubber, and pyrolysis oil. However, the efficiency and safety of this process depend heavily on strict adherence to quality control and workplace safety standards. This guide outlines the essential quality and safety considerations for operating a safe, compliant, and high-performing tyre recycling facility.

Safety & Compliance Alert: Tyre recycling involves multiple hazards including fire risks, airborne contaminants, and heavy machinery. All operations must comply with OSHA, EPA, and local environmental regulations. Regular training, proper PPE, and emergency preparedness are mandatory to protect workers and the surrounding environment.

Quality Considerations in Tyre Recycling

Maintaining high-quality output ensures recyclers produce marketable materials suitable for applications like rubberized asphalt, playground surfaces, and molded products. The following key quality control measures are critical across all stages of the recycling process:

• Contaminant Removal: Used tyres often contain embedded steel wires, textile fibres, and plastic residues from manufacturing. Effective pre-processing using cutting, granulation, and screening systems ensures complete removal of non-rubber materials. A final visual and magnetic inspection guarantees only pure rubber proceeds to downstream processing.
• Uniform Particle Size: Consistent particle sizing is essential for downstream usability. Advanced shredders and grinders equipped with calibrated screens produce rubber granules within precise size ranges (e.g., 0.5–4 mm). Uniformity improves performance in applications like rubber-modified asphalt and injection molding.
• Material Separation: High-efficiency separation technologies—such as magnetic separators for steel, air classifiers for fibre, and water flotation systems for fine rubber—ensure over 98% purity in the final product. Regular maintenance of these systems prevents cross-contamination and maintains output quality.
• Monitoring Systems: Real-time monitoring using sensors for temperature, moisture, particle size, and flow rate enables immediate detection of deviations. Automated control systems adjust machine settings dynamically, ensuring consistent processing conditions and reducing batch rejection rates.
• Storage Precautions: Proper storage of processed rubber granules or pyrolysis fuels prevents degradation and contamination. Sealed silos or covered containers protect materials from moisture, UV exposure, and dust emissions. Clear labeling and inventory tracking ensure traceability and quality assurance.

Safety Considerations in Tyre Recycling Operations

Tyre recycling plants face unique occupational and environmental hazards. Implementing robust safety protocols protects personnel, prevents accidents, and ensures regulatory compliance. Key safety practices include:

• Dust Control: Rubber processing generates fine particulate matter that can pose respiratory risks. Enclosed processing systems, local exhaust ventilation (LEV), and pneumatic conveying with dust filtration (e.g., baghouse collectors) minimize airborne dust. Regular air quality monitoring and NIOSH-approved respirators for workers further enhance protection.
• Fire Risks: Shredded tyres and rubber granules are highly combustible and can self-ignite under certain conditions. Fire prevention strategies include:
  • Installing automatic sprinkler systems and fire detection alarms
  • Prohibiting open flames, smoking, and hot work near processing zones
  • Maintaining minimum pile sizes and regular stockpile rotation
  • Using thermal imaging to detect early signs of spontaneous combustion
• Chemical Concerns: Pyrolysis—a thermal decomposition process—produces gases (e.g., methane, hydrogen sulfide), oils, and carbon black, some of which are toxic or flammable. Closed-loop systems with gas scrubbers, condensers, and activated carbon filters ensure safe handling and treatment of emissions. All chemical byproducts must be disposed of or reused in accordance with environmental regulations.
• Noisy Machines: Shredders, granulators, and conveyors generate noise levels exceeding 85 dB(A), posing long-term hearing damage risks. Engineering controls (sound enclosures), administrative controls (limited exposure time), and mandatory use of hearing protection (earplugs or earmuffs) are essential components of a hearing conservation program.
• Hazardous Handling: Whole and partially processed tyres are bulky and awkward to handle manually. Mechanical aids such as forklifts, conveyor belts, and robotic arms reduce the risk of musculoskeletal injuries. Workers should be trained in safe lifting techniques and machine operation protocols.

Implementing these safety and quality measures not only prevents accidents and ensures regulatory compliance but also enhances the reputation and marketability of recycled rubber products.

Expert Tip: Conduct regular third-party audits of both quality and safety performance. Independent assessments help identify gaps in procedures, validate compliance with ISO 14001 (Environmental Management) and OHSAS 45001 (Occupational Health & Safety), and improve stakeholder confidence in your recycling operations.

Best Practices for Continuous Improvement

• Invest in automated sorting and real-time monitoring systems to enhance quality control
• Train staff quarterly on emergency response, fire safety, and PPE usage
• Perform routine maintenance on separation and filtration equipment
• Implement a closed-loop water system to reduce environmental impact
• Document all quality tests and safety incidents for traceability and improvement
• Engage with industry associations to stay updated on best practices and regulations

By prioritizing both quality and safety, scrap tyre recycling plants can operate efficiently, sustainably, and responsibly—turning waste into valuable resources while protecting people and the planet.

Frequently Asked Questions About Tyre Recycling

No, scrap tyre recycling plants are specifically designed to process old, used, and worn-out tyres that are no longer suitable for vehicle use. These facilities focus exclusively on recycling end-of-life tyres—those that have reached the end of their driving life due to wear, damage, or obsolescence.

Introducing new tyres into the system would be both inefficient and potentially harmful. New tyres are structurally intact and far more resistant to shredding and processing, which means they could:

• Damage machinery: The robust construction of new tyres can strain or jam shredders and granulators not designed for such durability.
• Increase energy consumption: Processing new tyres requires significantly more power, reducing the plant’s efficiency.
• Create safety hazards: Unusual resistance during shredding may lead to overheating, sparks, or mechanical failure.

Recycling plants operate under strict protocols to convert used tyres into valuable secondary materials like rubber crumb, steel, and recovered carbon black. Sticking to this purpose ensures optimal performance, safety, and environmental benefit.

While modern tyre recycling processes are highly effective at separating materials, complete 100% removal of all components—especially tiny steel fragments—is extremely difficult to achieve.

The recycling process typically includes several stages of separation:

• Steel extraction: Powerful magnetic separators pull out the bulk of steel from tyre beads and belts. This accounts for about 15–20% of a tyre’s weight.
• Fine filtration: Additional screening and air classification systems help isolate rubber granules from remaining contaminants.
• Advanced sorting: Some facilities use eddy current separators or optical sorting to further purify rubber particles.

Despite these measures, microscopic steel wires—especially those embedded deep within rubber layers—can remain in small quantities. For most applications (e.g., rubberized asphalt, playground surfaces), trace amounts are acceptable. However, for high-purity uses like molded rubber products, additional refining may be required.

Ongoing technological improvements continue to enhance material recovery rates, pushing the industry closer to near-total separation.

With proper care, the machinery used in tyre recycling plants can last 10 to 15 years or even longer. The lifespan depends heavily on maintenance practices, operational load, and the quality of the equipment.

To maximize durability and performance, recycling facilities implement several key strategies:

• Regular maintenance schedules: Daily inspections, lubrication, and component checks prevent minor issues from becoming major failures.
• Predictive monitoring: Sensors and software track vibration, temperature, and wear patterns to detect early signs of deterioration.
• Timely part replacement: High-wear components like blades, screens, and bearings are replaced proactively before they cause downtime.
• Operator training: Skilled staff ensure machines are used correctly and safely, reducing stress and misuse.

Because tyre recycling involves tough, abrasive materials, wear is inevitable. However, a well-managed plant can maintain consistent output and reliability over many years, making the investment in durable machinery highly cost-effective in the long run.

Yes, high-quality recycled materials derived from used tyres—such as rubber granules, recovered steel, and processed carbon black—are not only usable but often comparable or even superior to virgin materials in specific applications.

Here’s a breakdown of the key outputs and their quality:

Modern recycling technologies have significantly improved the consistency and cleanliness of these materials. When properly processed, recycled tyre materials contribute to sustainable manufacturing, reduce landfill waste, and lower the environmental footprint of new product production.

In many cases, using recycled materials is not just eco-friendly—it’s economically smart and technically sound.