Best Pedometers of 2017: Types, Features & Buying Guide
The year 2017 marked a turning point in personal fitness tracking, with pedometers evolving from simple step counters to advanced health and wellness tools. Whether you're a wholesaler, retailer, or fitness enthusiast, understanding the different types of pedometers available helps in selecting the right product for specific user needs. From basic mechanical models to smart, GPS-enabled devices, each type offers unique benefits tailored to different lifestyles and activity levels.
Traditional Pedometers
These are the classic, mechanical or basic digital step counters that use a spring-levered mechanism or simple accelerometer to detect motion. Devices like the Yamax Digi-Walker series were industry standards in 2017 for accuracy and reliability.
Advantages
- Affordable and widely accessible
- Long battery life (often lasting over a year)
- Simple interface ideal for beginners
- Lightweight and easy to clip onto clothing
Limitations
- Less accurate with non-walking movements
- Limited functionality (step count only)
- Requires proper positioning to avoid miscounts
Best for: Seniors, casual walkers, schools, and corporate wellness programs
Smartphone Apps
Leveraging built-in smartphone sensors, apps like Google Fit, Apple Health, and Pedometer++ turned mobile devices into convenient fitness trackers. These apps require no additional hardware and integrate seamlessly with other digital health tools.
Advantages
- No extra cost (uses existing device)
- Real-time syncing and cloud backup
- Integration with heart rate, sleep, and nutrition apps
- Automatic step tracking without extra devices
Limitations
- Drains smartphone battery faster
- Less accurate if phone isn’t carried consistently
- Dependent on software updates and permissions
Best for: Tech-savvy users, budget-conscious individuals, and those already using smartphones for fitness
3D Pedometers
Equipped with tri-axis accelerometers, 3D pedometers detect motion in all directions, making them more accurate than traditional models. They can be worn on the wrist, in a pocket, or clipped to a belt. Popular 2017 models included the FitnessKeeper RunKeeper and Omron HJ320.
Advantages
- Highly accurate step detection in any orientation
- Tracks distance, calories, and active minutes
- Compact and wearable in multiple positions
- Improved motion filtering reduces false counts
Limitations
- Higher price than basic models
- Battery replacement needed every 6–12 months
- Some models lack advanced syncing features
Best for: Active adults, fitness enthusiasts, and users seeking reliable data without smartwatch complexity
GPS Pedometers
Dedicated outdoor fitness devices like the Garmin Forerunner 35 and Fitbit Surge used GPS technology to track steps, distance, pace, and route mapping. These were ideal for runners, hikers, and cyclists who valued precision in outdoor environments.
Advantages
- Accurate distance and route tracking
- Detailed workout analytics (speed, elevation, maps)
- Excellent for training and performance monitoring
- Often includes heart rate and sleep tracking
Limitations
- Shorter battery life (5–7 days typical)
- Higher cost and complexity
- GPS signal issues in urban or forested areas
Best for: Runners, athletes, outdoor adventurers, and serious fitness trackers
Bluetooth-Enabled Pedometers
Also known as wireless fitness trackers, these devices sync data automatically with smartphones via Bluetooth. Models like the Fitness Band 2 and Polar Loop offered real-time notifications, goal tracking, and app integration, making them ideal for connected lifestyles.
Advantages
- Seamless data sync with iOS and Android
- Push notifications for calls, messages, and goals
- Long-term progress tracking and motivational features
- Compatible with health ecosystems (Apple Health, Google Fit)
Limitations
- Requires regular charging (every 3–5 days)
- Dependent on smartphone for full functionality
- Potential connectivity issues with older phones
Best for: Connected users, professionals, and those building long-term fitness habits
| Type | Accuracy | Battery Life | Key Features | Ideal User |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Traditional | Medium | 1+ year | Step counting, LCD display | Casual users, seniors |
| Smartphone Apps | Low-Medium | Depends on phone | Free, integrates with health apps | General public, students |
| 3D Pedometers | High | 6–12 months | Motion detection, multi-position wear | Fitness enthusiasts |
| GPS Pedometers | Very High | 5–7 days | Route mapping, pace tracking | Athletes, runners |
| Bluetooth-Enabled | High | 3–5 days | App sync, notifications, cloud backup | Connected professionals |
Expert Tip: For wholesalers and retailers, bundling basic pedometers with educational materials or wellness programs can increase value for schools and corporate clients. For tech models, offering setup assistance or compatibility guides improves customer satisfaction and reduces return rates.
Top Features of the Best Pedometers in 2017: A Guide for Wholesalers and Buyers
The year 2017 marked a significant evolution in wearable fitness technology, with pedometers becoming smarter, more accurate, and more versatile than ever before. For wholesalers and retailers, understanding the key features of top-tier pedometers is essential for meeting consumer demand and staying competitive. These features not only enhance user experience but also appeal to a broad audience—from casual walkers to serious athletes—making them ideal for diverse market segments.
Core Features That Defined Premium Pedometers in 2017
Advanced 3-Axis Accelerometer
One of the most critical advancements in 2017 pedometers was the integration of a 3-axis accelerometer. Unlike older mechanical models that relied on vertical motion and were prone to inaccuracies, modern accelerometers detect movement in all three dimensions—forward/backward, side-to-side, and up/down.
This multidirectional sensing ensures highly accurate step counting regardless of how the device is worn—whether in a pocket, clipped to a belt, or worn on the wrist. Additionally, the data collected enables precise distance estimation and calorie burn calculations, making these pedometers ideal for users who rely on consistent, trustworthy fitness tracking.
Bluetooth Connectivity & App Integration
Bluetooth 4.0 (and later) became a standard feature in high-performing pedometers, allowing seamless wireless synchronization with smartphones and tablets. This connectivity enabled users to automatically upload their daily activity data to companion fitness apps, view real-time stats, and receive goal-based notifications.
For retailers, Bluetooth-enabled pedometers offered added value by integrating into larger digital health ecosystems like Apple Health, Google Fit, or MyFitnessPal. This interoperability made them more attractive to tech-savvy consumers and encouraged repeat purchases as part of a connected fitness lifestyle.
Multi-Sport Activity Modes
Leading pedometers in 2017 went beyond simple step counting by offering multi-sport functionality. Users could switch between modes for walking, running, cycling, swimming, and even gym workouts, with each mode adjusting algorithms to deliver sport-specific accuracy.
For example, running mode would account for stride length and impact force, while swimming mode would rely on motion patterns instead of GPS (since signals don’t travel underwater). This versatility made one device capable of replacing multiple single-purpose trackers, increasing its appeal to active individuals and reducing the need for consumers to buy separate gadgets.
Precision Calorie Tracking
Calorie tracking emerged as a major selling point, especially among users focused on weight loss, diet management, or training regimens. Modern pedometers used a combination of step data, distance traveled, user biometrics (such as height, weight, age, and gender), and metabolic rate calculations to estimate calories burned throughout the day.
When synced with nutrition apps, this feature allowed users to maintain a detailed energy balance, turning the pedometer into a comprehensive wellness tool. Wholesalers found this functionality particularly marketable in fitness centers, weight-loss clinics, and health-focused retail environments.
Water and Dust Resistance (IP Ratings)
Durability became a key differentiator in 2017, with many premium pedometers featuring IP67 or IP68 ratings for water and dust resistance. These ratings meant the devices could withstand immersion in water up to 1 meter for 30 minutes (IP67) or deeper/longer exposure (IP68), making them suitable for swimming, rainy conditions, or sweaty workouts.
Dust resistance ensured reliable performance in harsh outdoor environments, appealing to hikers, trail runners, and construction workers. For retailers, waterproof and rugged designs translated into fewer returns and higher customer satisfaction, especially in adventure and outdoor sports markets.
User-Centric Design & Battery Life
Beyond technical specs, top pedometers emphasized comfort, portability, and long battery life. Slim, lightweight designs made them easy to carry all day without discomfort, while OLED or e-ink displays provided clear visibility in sunlight.
Battery life ranged from 5 to 10 days on a single charge (or up to a year for coin-cell models), minimizing user inconvenience. Some models even featured replaceable batteries, a feature appreciated by users who wanted to avoid being tied to proprietary charging systems.
| Feature | Benefit to User | Value for Wholesalers & Retailers |
|---|---|---|
| 3-Axis Accelerometer | High accuracy in step counting regardless of device placement | Reduces complaints about inaccuracy; increases trust in brand |
| Bluetooth Sync | Seamless data transfer to smartphones and fitness apps | Appeals to tech users; supports upselling with app ecosystems |
| Multi-Sport Modes | Tracks various activities with optimized algorithms | Justifies higher price point; replaces multiple devices |
| Calorie Tracker | Helps users monitor energy expenditure for weight goals | Marketable to fitness and health-conscious demographics |
| IP67/IP68 Rating | Survives water, sweat, dust, and extreme conditions | Lowers return rates; ideal for outdoor/sports retail channels |
Why These Features Matter for Market Success
Important: When sourcing pedometers for resale, prioritize models with verified accuracy, strong app support, and durable construction. Avoid outdated or non-connected models, as they are less likely to meet modern consumer expectations. Investing in feature-rich, reliable devices not only boosts customer retention but also strengthens your brand reputation in the competitive fitness tech market.
Applications of Best Pedometers in 2017
In 2017, pedometers evolved beyond simple step counters into versatile tools that support a wide range of personal and professional applications. These devices catered to diverse lifestyles and goals, making them valuable across multiple markets. Understanding their key applications enables wholesalers to effectively segment their audience, recommend suitable models, and align inventory with customer needs—whether for fitness enthusiasts, health professionals, or outdoor adventurers.
Personal Fitness Tracking
This was the most widespread and popular use of pedometers in 2017. Designed for everyday users aiming to improve their health, these devices allowed individuals to set daily step goals (such as the widely adopted 10,000-step benchmark), monitor progress, and receive motivational feedback. The integration of gamification elements—like badges, streaks, and achievement rewards—helped sustain user engagement over time.
- Ideal for office workers and sedentary individuals looking to increase daily movement
- Encourages consistent physical activity through real-time tracking and reminders
- Many models sync with smartphone apps to visualize trends and share progress socially
- Basic models are affordable and easy to use, appealing to tech novices
Key insight: Simplicity and usability drive adoption among general consumers seeking incremental lifestyle improvements.
Professional Health Monitoring
Pedometers became essential tools in clinical and wellness settings, used by physicians, physical therapists, and fitness trainers to objectively assess patient or client activity levels. By providing quantifiable data, these devices enabled healthcare providers to design personalized exercise prescriptions and track rehabilitation progress.
- Used in cardiac rehab, diabetes management, and post-surgical recovery programs
- Supports behavioral change by making activity levels visible and measurable
- Some medical-grade models offer HIPAA-compliant data reporting for integration into electronic health records
- Helps providers set incremental walking goals for patients with chronic conditions
Pro tip: Look for devices with accurate long-term tracking and exportable data logs for professional use.
Weight Loss Programs
Pedometers played a pivotal role in weight management by linking physical activity to calorie expenditure. Advanced models estimated calories burned based on steps, distance, user weight, and walking speed, creating a feedback loop that complemented dietary tracking.
- Enables users to balance energy intake with output for effective fat loss
- Provides accountability and motivation through daily progress reports
- Integrated into structured programs like corporate wellness challenges and weight-loss competitions
- Long-term use correlates with improved adherence to exercise routines
Critical factor: Accuracy in step counting and calorie estimation is crucial for maintaining user trust in weight loss contexts.
Sports Training
High-end pedometers—often part of multi-functional fitness trackers or sports watches—became indispensable for athletes and coaches. Equipped with GPS, heart rate monitoring, and multi-sport modes, these devices delivered detailed performance analytics.
- Tracks running pace, distance, elevation gain, and workout intensity
- Allows coaches to analyze training load and prevent overtraining injuries
- Some models provide VO2 max estimates and recovery time suggestions
- Used in both amateur training regimens and competitive sports environments
Technical note: GPS-enabled models offer superior accuracy for outdoor training compared to basic step-based estimation.
Travel and Outdoor Activities
For travelers, hikers, and outdoor enthusiasts, pedometers served as practical tools for navigation and activity logging. Integrated GPS and altimeters allowed users to measure trail distances, elevation changes, and route duration without relying on maps or smartphones.
- Perfect for backpacking, city walking tours, and adventure travel
- Helps users set daily exploration goals and track physical exertion during trips
- Rugged, water-resistant models withstand harsh weather and rough terrain
- Some devices include breadcrumb navigation or waypoint marking features
User benefit: Combines fitness tracking with exploratory motivation, enhancing the travel experience through measurable achievement.
Educational and Corporate Wellness Initiatives
Beyond individual use, pedometers were widely adopted in schools and workplaces to promote physical activity. Organizations launched step challenges to boost morale, improve employee health, and reduce healthcare costs.
- Schools used pedometers in PE classes to teach students about fitness goals
- Companies hosted interdepartmental step competitions to encourage movement during work hours
- Programs often included incentives, leaderboards, and team-based goals
- Supported broader wellness strategies focused on reducing sedentary behavior
Wholesale opportunity: Bulk sales to schools, hospitals, and corporations represent a high-volume market segment.
Strategic Recommendation: When advising retailers or end-users, match pedometer features to specific use cases. For example, recommend basic clip-on models for casual walkers, GPS-enabled trackers for runners, and data-rich devices for healthcare providers. Bundling pedometers with accessories like replacement bands, charging docks, or instructional guides can increase perceived value and profitability.
| Application | Recommended Features | Ideal User Profile | Top Device Types (2017) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Personal Fitness | Step counting, goal setting, app sync | Casual users, office workers | Fitness bands, clip-on pedometers |
| Health Monitoring | Data accuracy, long battery life, exportable logs | Patients, seniors, rehab clients | Medical-grade trackers, simple LCD models |
| Weight Loss | Calorie estimation, distance tracking, reminders | Diet program participants | Smart fitness trackers with apps |
| Sports Training | GPS, heart rate, performance metrics | Athletes, coaches, runners | Sports watches, advanced wearables |
| Outdoor/Travel | GPS, durability, battery longevity | Hikers, travelers, adventurers | Rugged GPS trackers, multisport devices |
Additional Market Considerations
- Device Accuracy: Optical sensors and 3D accelerometers improved reliability over older mechanical models
- Battery Life: Long-lasting batteries (up to 6+ months in basic models) increased user convenience
- Water Resistance: Essential for outdoor and active users; IP67 or higher ratings were preferred
- Data Integration: Compatibility with platforms like Apple Health, Google Fit, and MyFitnessPal enhanced usability
- Design & Wearability: Slim, lightweight designs encouraged all-day wear, improving data consistency
Quality and Safety Considerations for Best Pedometers in 2017
In 2017, the market for pedometers saw significant growth, driven by increasing consumer interest in fitness tracking and health monitoring. As wearable technology became more integrated into daily life, ensuring the quality and safety of pedometers became paramount. These factors directly influence device longevity, tracking accuracy, user satisfaction, and overall reliability. Choosing a high-quality pedometer not only enhances the user experience but also prevents frustration caused by inaccurate data or premature device failure.
Safety & Quality Reminder: A poorly manufactured or non-compliant pedometer can lead to misleading health data, privacy breaches, or even physical discomfort. Always prioritize devices that meet industry standards and offer transparent specifications.
Key Quality and Safety Factors in 2017 Pedometers
- Accurate Calibration and Sensor Technology
Precise calibration is one of the most critical aspects of a reliable pedometer. In 2017, advanced models utilized 3D motion sensors and GPS integration to improve step-count accuracy across various activities such as walking, running, and climbing stairs. Poorly calibrated devices often miscount steps—either undercounting during slow movement or overcounting from arm swings—leading to inaccurate distance and calorie estimates.
Wholesalers and retailers should prioritize pedometers with adaptive algorithms that distinguish between intentional movement and incidental motion. Devices featuring auto-calibration based on stride length, height, and weight settings provide more personalized and trustworthy tracking, especially for users relying on data for fitness goals or medical monitoring.
- Battery Life and Replacement Convenience
Battery performance significantly impacts usability, particularly for active individuals who rely on continuous tracking throughout the day. In 2017, top-tier pedometers offered either long-lasting replaceable batteries (e.g., CR2032) or efficient rechargeable lithium-ion options with up to 7–10 days of use on a single charge.
Devices with poor battery life require frequent charging or replacements, increasing user inconvenience and reducing wear time—which in turn compromises data completeness. Look for models with low-battery alerts and energy-efficient displays (e.g., OLED or e-Ink) to enhance user experience. Rechargeable models should include safe charging mechanisms and overcharge protection to prevent battery swelling or failure.
- Water and Shock Resistance for Active Lifestyles
Given the active environments in which pedometers are used—ranging from outdoor runs to gym workouts—durability is essential. Many leading 2017 models featured IP67 or IP68 water and dust resistance ratings, meaning they could withstand immersion in water up to 1 meter for 30 minutes and resist dust ingress.
Shock-resistant designs with reinforced casings protected internal components from drops and impacts, making them ideal for athletes and outdoor enthusiasts. This resilience not only extends device lifespan but also allows safe usage during swimming, rain, or intense training sessions. Retailers can leverage these features when marketing to fitness-focused consumers seeking rugged, all-weather wearables.
- Data Privacy and Security in Connected Devices
With the rise of Bluetooth-enabled pedometers syncing data to smartphones and cloud platforms, data privacy became a growing concern in 2017. StepsCounter and similar brands began incorporating encrypted data transmission (via Bluetooth Low Energy with AES encryption) to protect sensitive health information such as daily activity levels, heart rate (if applicable), GPS location, and sleep patterns.
Consumers increasingly demanded transparency about how their personal data was stored, shared, and used. Devices that required app permissions or uploaded data to third-party servers needed clear privacy policies and opt-in consent mechanisms. Ensuring compliance with data protection norms helped build consumer trust and reduced the risk of reputational damage due to data leaks.
- Regulatory Compliance and Product Certification
Reputable pedometers in 2017 adhered to international quality and safety standards, including FCC (USA), CE (Europe), and RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances) certifications. These indicate that the device has undergone rigorous testing for electromagnetic compatibility, electrical safety, and environmental impact.
For wholesalers and retailers, selling compliant products minimizes legal liability and strengthens brand credibility. Non-compliant devices may face import restrictions, recalls, or consumer complaints. Additionally, medical-grade or fitness-focused pedometers might pursue FDA registration or partnership with health platforms, further validating their accuracy and safety for long-term use.
| Quality Factor | Recommended Standard (2017) | User Benefit | Risk of Neglect |
|---|---|---|---|
| Calibration Accuracy | ±3% step count error, adaptive algorithm support | Reliable fitness progress tracking | Inaccurate health assessments, goal misalignment |
| Battery Performance | 7+ days life, USB charging with safety circuitry | Consistent all-day wear and data collection | Missed data, frequent downtime |
| Environmental Protection | IP67 or higher water/dust resistance | Durability in sweat, rain, and dust | Device failure, warranty claims |
| Data Security | End-to-end encryption, GDPR/FCC-compliant apps | Protected personal health information | Privacy breaches, loss of trust |
| Regulatory Compliance | FCC, CE, RoHS certified | Verified safety and market legality | Product recalls, legal penalties |
Expert Tip: When evaluating pedometers for resale or personal use in 2017, always verify certification labels and software update availability. Firmware updates often improved sensor accuracy and security patches, extending the device's useful life and safety profile.
Best Practices for Wholesalers and Consumers
- Choose pedometers from manufacturers with transparent technical documentation and customer support channels.
- Inspect packaging for certification marks (FCC ID, CE logo, IP rating) before purchase.
- Test device synchronization and data accuracy during initial setup to ensure proper function.
- Educate end-users on proper wearing position (hip, pocket, or wrist) to maximize step detection accuracy.
- Encourage regular firmware updates and secure app configurations to maintain data integrity.
Selecting a pedometer based on quality and safety criteria ensures not only accurate health tracking but also long-term user satisfaction and trust. As fitness technology evolved rapidly in 2017, these foundational principles helped separate premium devices from gimmicky alternatives. Whether you're a retailer or consumer, prioritizing calibration, durability, battery efficiency, data security, and regulatory compliance will lead to better outcomes and safer, more effective fitness monitoring.
Frequently Asked Questions About Pedometers and Fitness Tracking
Q1: Why is it important to wear a pedometer during workouts?A pedometer does much more than simply count steps—it serves as a comprehensive fitness tracking tool that enhances your workout experience and helps you achieve your health goals. By monitoring various metrics, it provides valuable insights into your physical activity levels.
- Step Counting: Tracks every step you take, helping you meet daily activity goals (e.g., 10,000 steps).
- Distance Measurement: Uses stride length and GPS (in advanced models) to estimate how far you've walked or run.
- Calorie Estimation: Calculates approximate calories burned based on your weight, movement intensity, and duration.
- Activity Monitoring: Records active minutes, sedentary periods, and even sleep patterns in many wearable models.
- Motivation & Accountability: Visual progress tracking encourages consistency and helps maintain long-term fitness habits.
Whether you're walking for general health or training for an event, a pedometer turns abstract goals into measurable achievements, making it an essential companion for anyone serious about improving their physical well-being.
Q2: Are wearable pedometers really resistant to water?Most modern wearable pedometers, especially those released from 2017 onward, are designed with water resistance and durability in mind, allowing them to withstand everyday exposure to moisture and physical stress.
- Water Resistance Ratings: Many devices carry IP67 or IP68 ratings, meaning they can survive brief immersion in water (up to 1 meter for 30 minutes) and are protected against sweat, rain, and splashes.
- Shockproof Design: Built with reinforced casings and flexible materials to endure drops, impacts, and rigorous movement during sports.
- Limitations: While water-resistant, most pedometers are not suitable for swimming or diving unless specifically labeled as swim-proof or waterproof.
- Dust Protection: Sealed construction prevents dust and debris from entering, which is especially useful for outdoor and trail activities.
Always check the manufacturer’s specifications before exposing your device to water. For example, while you can wear it in the rain or while washing hands, submerging it in a pool or shower may void the warranty if not explicitly permitted.
Q3: Can a body-worn pedometer be used for multi-sport activities?Yes, many advanced pedometers—especially those equipped with GPS, accelerometers, and multiple sensors—are capable of tracking performance across a wide range of sports and fitness activities.
| Sport Type | Tracking Capabilities | Required Features |
|---|---|---|
| Running / Jogging | Distance, pace, cadence, heart rate, elevation | GPS, accelerometer, altimeter |
| Cycling | Ride distance, speed, duration, route mapping | GPS, Bluetooth connectivity |
| Hiking | Trail tracking, elevation gain, calorie burn | GPS, barometric altimeter |
| Swimming (select models) | Laps, stroke count, swim efficiency | Waterproof design, motion sensors |
| Gym Workouts | Active minutes, heart rate zones, rep counting | Heart rate monitor, motion detection |
Multi-sport functionality allows users to seamlessly switch between activities without needing separate devices. These features are especially beneficial for triathletes, fitness enthusiasts, and those following cross-training programs.
Q4: How does Bluetooth synchronization between a pedometer and smartphone benefit users?Bluetooth connectivity bridges the gap between your wearable pedometer and smartphone, enabling real-time data exchange and enhanced user interaction through dedicated fitness apps.
- Real-Time Tracking: View your current step count, heart rate, distance, and workout stats live on your phone during exercise.
- Automatic Syncing: Data is wirelessly transferred to your app (e.g., Apple Health, Google Fit, Strava) without manual input, ensuring accuracy and continuity.
- Smart Notifications: Receive calls, texts, calendar alerts, and app notifications directly on your wrist without pulling out your phone.
- Goal Setting & Feedback: Apps analyze your data to provide personalized insights, weekly summaries, and motivational prompts.
- Social Integration: Share achievements, compete with friends, and participate in challenges via social platforms.
This seamless integration transforms a simple step counter into a powerful digital health ecosystem, promoting engagement, accountability, and long-term fitness success.
Q5: Why is pedometer calibration accuracy important?Accurate calibration is crucial because it directly affects the reliability of all tracked metrics—steps, distance, and calorie estimates. Inaccurate readings can mislead users and undermine fitness progress.
- Step Accuracy: Poor calibration may undercount or overcount steps, especially during non-walking movements like driving or typing.
- Distance Errors: If stride length isn’t properly set, distance calculations can be off by hundreds of meters—even kilometers over long walks.
- Calorie Misestimation: Incorrect data leads to flawed calorie burn calculations, which can disrupt weight loss or maintenance plans.
- User Frustration: Consistent inaccuracies reduce trust in the device, leading to disengagement and abandonment of fitness goals.
- Health Monitoring Impact: For individuals managing conditions like diabetes or heart disease, inaccurate activity data can affect medical recommendations.
To ensure precision, users should calibrate their pedometer by inputting correct personal data (height, weight, stride length) and periodically verifying results against known distances or GPS readings. Some high-end models offer automatic calibration using machine learning and sensor fusion for improved long-term accuracy.









