CommercialToolry
Cages For Quaker Parrots: Structure, Specifications, and Common Industry Applications

Cages For Quaker Parrots: Structure, Specifications, and Common Industry Applications

Types of Cages for Quaker Parrots

A well-chosen cage for a Quaker parrot is essential for ensuring your bird’s physical health, mental stimulation, and overall well-being. These intelligent and active birds require adequate space, durability, and enrichment opportunities. The right cage not only provides safety but also supports natural behaviors like climbing, chewing, and flying. Below is a detailed breakdown of the most common and effective cage types available.

Stainless Steel Birdcage

Built for longevity and hygiene, this cage is made from corrosion-resistant stainless steel, making it ideal for long-term use.

Advantages
  • Highly resistant to rust, corrosion, and chewing
  • Extremely durable and long-lasting
  • Easy to clean and sanitize
  • Sleek, modern appearance complements home decor
Limitations
  • Higher initial cost
  • Heavier and less portable
  • Limited color or design options

Best for: Owners seeking a premium, low-maintenance cage for indoor use

Large Parrot Birdcage

Spacious and multi-tiered, this cage is designed specifically for larger or highly active parrots like Quakers.

Advantages
  • Ample room for flying, climbing, and playing
  • Multiple levels, perches, and accessory hooks
  • Ideal for housing multiple birds or adding enrichment
  • Promotes physical activity and mental engagement
Limitations
  • Takes up significant floor space
  • May require assembly
  • Bar spacing must be carefully checked for safety

Best for: Active Quaker parrots needing room to stretch their wings and explore

Sturdy Metal Birdcage

Constructed from heavy-duty powder-coated or galvanized metal, this cage withstands aggressive chewing and daily wear.

Advantages
  • Resistant to damage from biting and clawing
  • Secure and escape-proof design
  • Versatile in size and style options
  • More affordable than stainless steel
Limitations
  • May chip or rust over time if coating is damaged
  • Less elegant appearance compared to premium models
  • Requires regular inspection for wear

Best for: budget-conscious owners with energetic or destructive birds

Wooden Bird Aviary

A large, naturalistic enclosure made from weather-resistant wood, perfect for outdoor or spacious indoor setups.

Advantages
  • Provides a warm, aesthetically pleasing, and natural environment
  • Excellent for flight and social interaction
  • Suitable for multiple birds or mixed-species housing
  • Can be customized with plants, branches, and nesting areas
Limitations
  • Requires protection from moisture and pests
  • Harder to clean than metal cages
  • Not easily portable

Best for: outdoor enclosures or dedicated indoor bird rooms

Indoor Flight Cage

Designed with length and height to allow short flights, this cage maximizes movement in confined living spaces.

Advantages
  • Encourages wing exercise and natural flight behavior
  • Narrow footprint fits well in apartments or small rooms
  • Includes space for toys, perches, and swings
  • Promotes mental and physical health
Limitations
  • May not accommodate multiple birds comfortably
  • Longer design may not fit all room layouts
  • Requires regular cleaning due to open design

Best for: urban dwellers or those with limited space who want to prioritize flight

Cage Type Durability Space & Comfort Maintenance Best For
Stainless Steel Excellent Good Easy Premium indoor setups, long-term use
Large Parrot Cage Good Excellent Moderate Active birds, multi-bird households
Sturdy Metal Very Good Good Moderate Budget-friendly durability
Wooden Aviary Good (outdoor-rated) Excellent Challenging Outdoor use, naturalistic environments
Indoor Flight Cage Good Excellent (flight-oriented) Moderate Small spaces, flight enrichment

Expert Tip: For Quaker parrots, bar spacing should be no more than ¾ inch apart to prevent head injuries or escapes. Always place perches outside the cage at the top and bottom to allow safe entry and exit.

Design of Cages for Quaker Parrots: A Complete Guide

The design of a birdcage plays a crucial role in the health, happiness, and safety of pet birds—especially intelligent and active species like the Quaker parrot. A well-designed cage not only ensures physical safety but also supports mental stimulation, ease of maintenance, and meaningful interaction with owners. Thoughtful construction enhances the bird’s quality of life while simplifying daily care routines.

Essential Design Elements for Quaker Parrot Cages

Wire Spacing: Safety First

One of the most critical aspects of cage design is proper wire spacing. Quaker parrots are medium-sized birds with strong beaks and curious natures, making it essential that the bars are spaced to prevent escape or injury. The ideal spacing ranges from 0.5 to 0.75 inches (1.3–1.9 cm), which is narrow enough to keep the bird secure while allowing visibility and ventilation.

Bars that are too wide can allow the bird to squeeze its head through, risking entrapment or injury. Conversely, overly narrow spacing may limit airflow and make cleaning difficult. Horizontal bars also encourage climbing, which Quaker parrots enjoy, contributing to their physical fitness and mental engagement.

Built-in Feeder & Water Dishes

High-quality cages often feature external-mounted, removable feeders and water dispensers. These are strategically placed on the outside of the cage to allow quick refilling and cleaning without opening the main door—reducing stress for the bird and minimizing escape risks.

Stainless steel or ceramic dishes are preferred for durability and hygiene. They resist bacterial growth and are easier to sanitize than plastic. External access also helps prevent contamination from droppings and bedding, ensuring food and water remain fresh longer and promoting better avian health.

Spacious Interior Layout

Quaker parrots are energetic, playful, and require ample room to move, stretch their wings, climb, and play. The minimum recommended cage size is 24 inches wide × 24 inches deep × 30 inches high, but larger is always better—especially for birds that spend extended time inside.

The interior should include multiple perches of varying diameters and textures (e.g., natural wood, rope) to promote foot health and prevent pressure sores. Include space for toys such as ladders, swings, chewable items, and puzzle feeders to stimulate cognitive function and prevent boredom, which can lead to feather plucking or excessive vocalization.

Open-Top Design for Enrichment

An open-top cage design features a perch or ledge at the top, allowing safe and supervised access outside the main enclosure when the door is open. This setup encourages natural behaviors like climbing, stretching, and exploring, offering valuable exercise and mental stimulation.

It also facilitates easier interaction with family members and training sessions. However, this design requires vigilant supervision to prevent accidents, such as flying into ceiling fans or windows. Always ensure the environment is bird-safe when using an open-top configuration.

Easy-Access Doors

Large, secure swing-out doors make daily care significantly easier. A wide front door allows for smooth entry when handling the bird, introducing new toys, or rearranging perches. Some cages also include smaller access panels for feeding, reducing disturbance to the bird.

Doors should have reliable locking mechanisms to prevent escape attempts—Quaker parrots are intelligent and can learn to open simple latches. Smooth hinges and rounded edges ensure safety during entry and exit, protecting both the bird and the owner.

Durability & Material Quality

Cages should be constructed from non-toxic, powder-coated steel or wrought iron to resist chewing and corrosion. Avoid cages with lead or zinc components, as these metals are toxic to birds if ingested.

The finish should be chip-resistant and easy to clean. Stainless steel components in high-wear areas (like food trays and grates) enhance longevity. A removable tray with a protective coating simplifies cleaning and helps maintain hygiene, reducing the risk of bacterial or fungal infections.

Design Feature Recommended Specification Benefits
Bar Spacing 0.5" – 0.75" (1.3–1.9 cm) Prevents escape and injury; allows visibility and airflow
Minimum Cage Size 24" × 24" × 30" Allows wing stretching, climbing, and toy placement
Feeder Type External, removable stainless steel Reduces mess, prevents contamination, easy to clean
Door Design Large front swing door with secure lock Facilitates handling and cleaning; prevents escapes
Material Non-toxic powder-coated metal Durable, safe, and resistant to chewing and rust

Additional Tips for Optimal Cage Use

  • Placement Matters: Position the cage in a social area of the home (like a living room), but away from direct sunlight, drafts, and kitchen fumes. Birds thrive on interaction but need quiet time too.
  • Daily Cleaning: Remove droppings and food debris daily. Wash trays and dishes with bird-safe disinfectant to prevent bacterial buildup.
  • Weekly Deep Clean: Once a week, take apart removable components and thoroughly clean the cage with mild soap and water. Inspect for rust, loose screws, or damaged parts.
  • Toys Rotation: Rotate toys every 1–2 weeks to maintain novelty and mental engagement. Chewable toys help manage beak growth.
  • Supervised Out-of-Cage Time: Allow your Quaker parrot at least 2–4 hours outside the cage daily in a secure, bird-proofed room for exercise and bonding.
  • Important: Never house a Quaker parrot in a cage that is too small or made with unsafe materials. Poor design can lead to stress, aggression, self-mutilation, or escape attempts. Always prioritize safety, enrichment, and ease of maintenance when selecting or customizing a cage. A well-designed home supports a long, healthy, and joyful life for your feathered companion.

    Usage Cases of Cages for Quaker Parrots

    Beyond simply housing pet birds, bird cages play a crucial role in ensuring the safety, well-being, and enrichment of Quaker parrots. A properly designed cage protects birds from household hazards such as other pets, pests, and dangerous environments like kitchens or areas with toxic fumes. Thoughtfully selected enclosures also support natural behaviors, reduce stress, and enhance the bond between bird and owner. Below are the primary practical applications of bird cages tailored to the unique needs of Quaker parrots.

    Pet Bird Home

    Quaker parrots are intelligent, social, and highly active birds that thrive in stimulating environments. Their primary cage serves as a safe haven and personal territory where they eat, rest, play, and interact with family members. An ideal home cage should be spacious—minimum 24" x 24" x 30", but larger is better—to accommodate multiple perches, ladders, swings, chew toys, and foraging puzzles.

    • Horizontal bar spacing (¾" to 1") allows climbing, which Quakers love
    • Durable stainless steel or powder-coated metal resists chewing and corrosion
    • An open-top design or removable top grille encourages supervised out-of-cage time, essential for exercise and social bonding
    • Multiple access points (front and side doors) simplify cleaning and interaction

    Key benefit: A well-equipped cage supports mental health by preventing boredom and destructive behaviors like feather plucking.

    Indoor Bird Aviary

    For dedicated bird owners, converting a spare room, sunroom, or enclosed porch into an indoor aviary offers Quaker parrots near-natural freedom. These large enclosures allow flight, exploration, and complex social interactions—especially beneficial for multi-bird households.

    • Flight space promotes muscle development and cardiovascular health
    • Can include natural wood perches, hanging vines, and interactive feeding stations
    • Temperature-controlled environment protects birds from extreme weather
    • Double-door entry systems prevent escape during maintenance

    Design tip: Use aviary netting or acrylic panels to protect walls and furniture while maintaining visibility and light exposure.

    Outdoor Aviary

    Outdoor aviaries provide Quaker parrots with fresh air, natural sunlight (critical for vitamin D synthesis), and exposure to environmental stimuli like wind, sounds, and seasonal changes. These enclosures mimic natural habitats and significantly enhance physical and psychological well-being.

    • Constructed with weather-resistant materials like powder-coated steel or aluminum
    • Shaded areas and sheltered sections protect from rain and intense sun
    • Natural elements such as live, bird-safe plants (e.g., millet, bamboo, or hibiscus) encourage foraging and nesting behaviors
    • Ideal for breeding pairs or small colonies, supporting natural flock dynamics

    Safety note: Secure locks and predator-proof mesh (1" or smaller) are essential to protect against raccoons, cats, and rodents.

    Travel Carrier

    A travel carrier is a compact, secure cage designed specifically for transporting Quaker parrots safely to the vet, grooming appointments, or during relocations. Unlike display cages, carriers prioritize safety, ventilation, and portability.

    • Hard-sided plastic or durable fabric carriers with secure zippers or latches prevent escape
    • Ventilation on multiple sides ensures airflow without drafts
    • Interior perches and food/water holders maintain comfort during transit
    • Meets airline and vehicle pet transport regulations (e.g., FAA, IATA guidelines)

    Pro tip: Acclimate your parrot to the carrier early with positive reinforcement to reduce travel stress.

    Temporary Housing

    Life changes such as home renovations, moving, or hosting guests can disrupt a Quaker parrot’s routine. A temporary cage provides a consistent, secure environment during transitions, minimizing anxiety and maintaining behavioral stability.

    • Place in a quiet, low-traffic area away from noise and unfamiliar people
    • Include familiar toys, perches, and bedding to maintain comfort
    • Easily cleanable materials help maintain hygiene in non-primary spaces
    • Useful for quarantine when introducing new birds or monitoring illness

    Best practice: Maintain the same daily schedule and interaction level to reinforce security and trust.

    Breeding & Nursery Enclosures

    While not mentioned in the original list, specialized cages are often used for breeding Quaker parrots. These enclosures support nesting behavior, chick rearing, and pair bonding.

    • Extra-large dimensions to accommodate multiple nest boxes and flight space
    • Separate compartments allow observation without disturbing nesting pairs
    • Easy-access cleaning panels help maintain hygiene critical for chick survival
    • Protected from disturbances to reduce nest abandonment risks

    Important: Breeding should only be attempted by experienced aviculturists due to legal restrictions and ethical considerations in some regions.

    Expert Recommendation: Regardless of usage, all Quaker parrot enclosures should prioritize safety, enrichment, and ease of maintenance. Always ensure cages are free of toxic materials (like zinc or lead), have secure latches, and are cleaned regularly. Rotate toys and rearrange perches weekly to keep the environment mentally stimulating. Remember—cage time should be balanced with supervised out-of-cage interaction for optimal emotional health.

    Usage Type Minimum Size Recommendation Key Features Lifespan & Maintenance
    Pet Bird Home 24" x 24" x 30" Metal construction, multiple doors, toy hooks 5+ years with regular cleaning and part replacement
    Indoor Aviary 8 ft x 4 ft x 6 ft (or room-sized) Flight space, natural perches, lighting control 10+ years with structural upkeep
    Outdoor Aviary 6 ft x 6 ft x 6 ft (minimum) Weatherproofing, shade, predator protection 8–12 years with seasonal maintenance
    Travel Carrier 18" x 12" x 14" Ventilation, secure latches, portability 3–5 years depending on use frequency
    Temporary Housing 20" x 20" x 24" Lightweight, easy to clean, quiet location As needed; durable for occasional use

    Additional Considerations

    • Cage Placement: Position cages in active family areas (but not in the kitchen) to promote socialization while avoiding drafts, direct sunlight, and loud appliances.
    • Enrichment Integration: Use foraging toys, puzzle feeders, and rotating decor to keep intelligent Quakers mentally engaged.
    • Hygiene & Safety: Clean food/water dishes daily and disinfect the cage weekly. Avoid aerosol cleaners near birds.
    • Legal Compliance: In some states (e.g., California, Georgia), Quaker parrots are regulated; verify local laws regarding ownership and outdoor housing.
    • Escape Prevention: Ensure all doors have positive-locking mechanisms—Quakers are notorious escape artists due to their intelligence and dexterity.

    How to Choose the Best Cage for Quaker Parrots

    Selecting the right cage for your Quaker parrot is one of the most important decisions you’ll make as a responsible bird owner. A well-chosen cage ensures your pet enjoys ample space to move, play, and express natural behaviors—promoting physical health, mental stimulation, and emotional well-being. Quaker parrots (also known as Monk parakeets) are intelligent, social, and highly active birds that require a safe, durable, and enriching environment. This guide covers the essential factors to consider when choosing a cage that meets your parrot’s needs while making daily care easier and more enjoyable for you.

    Safety Note: Always place the cage in a secure area away from drafts, direct sunlight, kitchen fumes, and other pets. Ensure the cage design prevents escape and includes non-toxic materials to protect your bird’s health.

    Key Factors When Choosing a Quaker Parrot Cage

    1. Size and Space Requirements

      Quaker parrots are energetic and benefit greatly from spacious enclosures. While they may not fly long distances indoors, they need room to stretch their wings, climb, hop between perches, and play with toys. A minimum cage size of 24 inches wide × 24 inches deep × 30 inches high is recommended, but larger is always better.

      • Vertical space allows climbing, which Quakers love
      • Horizontal depth supports wing flapping and short flights
      • Adequate floor space accommodates foraging activities and exercise
      • Larger cages can hold multiple toys, food stations, and perches without overcrowding

      Remember: The cage should be a sanctuary, not a confinement. Birds spend many hours inside it, so maximizing usable space enhances quality of life.

    2. Material and Durability

      Quaker parrots are strong chewers and will test the integrity of their cage. Choose a cage made from powder-coated steel, wrought iron, or heavy-duty stainless steel to withstand persistent chewing and prevent structural damage.

      • Avoid cages made from zinc-coated or galvanized metals, which can be toxic if ingested
      • Look for a "chewelry parrot cage" — a term used for bird-safe, chew-resistant designs with reinforced corners and bars
      • Durable construction protects against escape attempts and accidental damage
      • High-quality materials reduce long-term costs by minimizing the need for replacements

      Inspect welds and joints regularly for signs of wear, especially near the bottom where birds tend to chew more.

    3. Bar Spacing and Safety

      Proper bar spacing prevents injury and escape. For Quaker parrots, the ideal spacing is between ½ inch (1.27 cm) and ¾ inch (1.9 cm). This range allows the bird to grip and climb comfortably while keeping its head and body securely inside.

      • Spacing narrower than ½ inch may limit movement and visibility
      • Spacing wider than ¾ inch risks head entrapment or escape
      • Vertical bars are preferred over horizontal ones on the sides to discourage climbing out
      • Ensure door latches are secure and parrot-proof

      Always double-check that your parrot cannot squeeze through or get stuck in any part of the cage, including doors and access panels.

    4. Accessibility and Ease of Maintenance

      A well-designed cage should make daily care simple and safe. Look for features that improve accessibility for feeding, cleaning, and interaction.

      • Large front doors (preferably double-doored) allow easy access for hand-feeding and training
      • Slide-out trays or grates simplify cleaning and reduce mess
      • Removable food and water bowls enable quick refilling and sanitizing
      • Side or top access points help with toy rotation and perch adjustment

      Good accessibility encourages regular interaction and consistent hygiene, both of which are vital for your bird’s health and bonding.

    5. Features, Add-ons, and Enrichment Options

      The best cages come equipped with thoughtful features that enhance your parrot’s environment and simplify setup.

      • Built-in perches made from natural wood or safe synthetic materials provide varied foot exercise
      • Multiple feeding stations help separate food types and reduce contamination
      • Pre-drilled holes or mounting brackets allow secure attachment of toys and swings
      • Roof design should accommodate hanging toys and prevent droppings from accumulating overhead

      Consider cages with extra height or modular sections to add future enrichment items. Rotate toys weekly to prevent boredom and encourage mental stimulation.

    Cage Feature Recommended Specification Why It Matters What to Avoid
    Minimum Size 24" W × 24" D × 30" H Supports flight, climbing, and exploration Cages smaller than 20" in any dimension
    Bar Spacing 0.5" – 0.75" (1.27–1.9 cm) Prevents escape and head entrapment Wide spacing (>0.75") or flimsy bars
    Material Stainless steel, wrought iron, or powder-coated steel Resists chewing and toxic exposure Galvanized, zinc-coated, or plastic-coated wire
    Door Design Large double front door + side/top access Facilitates handling and cleaning Small single doors or insecure latches
    Accessories Removable trays, food bowls, natural perches Improves hygiene and enrichment Fixed, hard-to-clean components

    Expert Tip: Place the cage in a family-centered area of your home—like the living room or kitchen—where your Quaker parrot can observe daily activities. These social birds thrive on interaction, and a central location helps prevent loneliness and behavioral issues like screaming or feather plucking.

    Additional Care Tips for Quaker Parrot Owners

    • Allow your parrot out of the cage for at least 2–4 hours daily under supervision for exercise and socialization
    • Clean the cage floor and trays daily; perform a full clean weekly
    • Provide a variety of toys made from safe materials (rope, wood, acrylic) to stimulate problem-solving and chewing behavior
    • Position perches at different heights to encourage movement and leg muscle development
    • Never use aerosols, non-stick cookware, or scented candles near the cage—parrots have sensitive respiratory systems

    Choosing the right cage for your Quaker parrot is an investment in its long-term happiness and health. By prioritizing size, safety, durability, and enrichment, you create a secure and stimulating home that supports your bird’s natural instincts. Remember, a happy parrot is an active, curious, and well-socialized companion. With the right cage and attentive care, your Quaker parrot can thrive for years to come.

    Frequently Asked Questions About Parrot Cage Care

    Q1: What is the appropriate size for a parrot cage?

    A1: The ideal parrot cage should be a minimum of 24 x 24 x 36 inches, though larger is always better—especially for active species like Quaker parrots. A wider and longer cage allows your bird more room to stretch its wings, climb, and play, which is essential for physical health and mental stimulation.

    • Active species (e.g., Quakers, Conures): Benefit greatly from cages that are at least 30 inches wide to allow short flights or wing flapping.
    • Bar spacing: Should be ¾ inch to 1 inch apart to prevent head injuries or escapes.
    • Height vs. Width: While height allows climbing, width supports lateral movement and flight—prioritize width in apartments with limited floor space.
    • Cage placement: Position the cage near natural light (but not in direct sunlight) and away from drafts, kitchens, or loud appliances.

    Remember, the cage is just one part of your parrot’s environment—daily out-of-cage time in a safe, supervised area is equally important for well-being.

    Q2: Is a travel cage necessary for my parrot?

    A2: Yes, a travel cage is essential for the safety, comfort, and stress reduction of your parrot during transportation. Whether you're heading to the vet, moving homes, or traveling with your bird, a dedicated travel cage ensures secure and humane transport.

    • Portability: Look for lightweight models with secure latches and carrying handles.
    • Ventilation: Adequate airflow is critical—avoid solid-sided containers or plastic bins not designed for birds.
    • Interior space: Should allow the bird to stand, turn, and partially extend its wings without touching the sides.
    • Accessories: Include a food/water cup, perch, and familiar toy to reduce anxiety.
    • Air travel: If flying, ensure the cage meets IATA (International Air Transport Association) standards for pet carriers.

    Using a proper travel cage not only complies with safety regulations but also helps maintain your parrot’s routine and sense of security while on the move.

    Q3: How often should I clean my parrot’s cage?

    A3: Maintaining a clean cage is vital for your parrot’s health and involves a tiered cleaning schedule—daily, weekly, and monthly—to prevent bacteria, mold, and odor buildup.

    Cleaning Frequency Tasks Purpose
    Daily Remove droppings, uneaten food, and soiled bedding. Wipe down trays and replace paper liners. Prevent bacterial growth and maintain hygiene.
    Weekly Scrub perches, toys, food/water dishes, and cage bars with bird-safe disinfectant. Rinse thoroughly and dry. Eliminate accumulated grime and pathogens.
    Monthly Perform a deep clean: disassemble cage components, inspect for rust, wear, or damage, and replace worn parts. Clean wheels, latches, and hidden crevices. Ensure long-term safety and structural integrity.

    Always use non-toxic, avian-safe cleaning products (e.g., diluted white vinegar or mild dish soap) and rinse thoroughly to avoid chemical exposure. A clean environment reduces the risk of respiratory and digestive issues in sensitive birds.

    Q4: Is an indoor aviary beneficial for Quaker parrots?

    A4: Absolutely. An indoor aviary is an excellent investment for Quaker parrots, who are highly intelligent, social, and physically active birds. Unlike standard cages, an indoor aviary provides expansive space for flying, climbing, and exploring—critical for both physical exercise and mental enrichment.

    • Flying room: Allows natural flight patterns, improving cardiovascular health and muscle tone.
    • Environmental enrichment: Can be customized with multiple perches, ropes, ladders, and foraging stations.
    • Social integration: When placed in a family area, it enables your bird to interact with household members, reducing loneliness and behavioral issues.
    • Space efficiency: Ideal for homes without outdoor access or safe backyard enclosures.
    • Security: Protects from predators, extreme weather, and escape risks while still offering freedom.

    Indoor aviaries can range from custom-built walk-in rooms to large pre-fabricated enclosures. They transform bird care by supporting natural behaviors and enhancing quality of life.

    Q5: What does a Quaker parrot need inside its cage to stay happy and healthy?

    A5: A happy Quaker parrot requires more than just food and water—it needs a stimulating, safe, and comfortable environment that supports its physical, emotional, and cognitive needs.

    • Spacious cage: Minimum 24”W x 24”D x 36”H, with horizontal bars for climbing.
    • Multiple perches: Varying textures (natural wood, rope, concrete) promote foot health and prevent sores.
    • Toys and enrichment: Rotate chewable wood toys, puzzle feeders, bells, and shreddable items to prevent boredom and encourage foraging behavior.
    • Open-top access: A top opening allows safe interaction, training, and supervised playtime outside the cage.
    • Feeding stations: Place food and water dishes away from perches to avoid contamination.
    • Resting area: Include a cozy corner or hideaway for napping and stress relief.

    Quaker parrots thrive on interaction and mental challenges. Combine a well-equipped cage with daily social time, training, and out-of-cage exercise to ensure a long, joyful life. A stimulated parrot is a healthy, well-behaved companion.