CommercialToolry
Electric Skates Shoes Explained: Key Specifications, Features, and Common Uses

Electric Skates Shoes Explained: Key Specifications, Features, and Common Uses

Types of Electric Skate Shoes

Electric skate shoes, also known as motorized skates or e-skates, are revolutionizing urban mobility and recreational skating. By integrating compact electric motors, rechargeable batteries, and advanced wheel systems into footwear, these innovative devices offer a seamless blend of fashion, functionality, and fun. Ideal for short commutes, fitness activities, or creative expression, electric skate shoes come in various designs tailored to different user needs and environments.

Understanding the different types helps users choose the right model based on performance, terrain, skill level, and intended use—whether it's gliding through city sidewalks or conquering rugged trails.

Board Shoe Skates

Designed to resemble regular sneakers, board shoe skates feature an integrated platform within the sole that houses wheels and motors. This design offers a discreet, shoe-like appearance while providing practical propulsion.

Advantages
  • Stylish and discreet—looks like everyday footwear
  • Easy to carry and store when not in use
  • Ideal for short commutes and casual urban travel
  • Lightweight and beginner-friendly
Limitations
  • Limited speed and range compared to other models
  • Less stability at higher speeds
  • Not suitable for rough terrain

Best for: Beginners, city commuters, students, and casual users seeking convenience and portability

Inline Electric Skate Shoes

Mimicking traditional inline skates, these e-skates have wheels arranged in a straight line along the sole, enabling smooth, gliding motion with minimal rolling resistance.

Advantages
  • Efficient forward motion with low friction
  • Great for maintaining momentum on paved surfaces
  • Sleek, modern design appeals to style-conscious users
  • Excellent maneuverability with proper balance
Limitations
  • Steeper learning curve for beginners
  • Less lateral stability than board-style skates
  • Requires more precise control and balance

Best for: Intermediate to advanced users, urban gliders, fitness enthusiasts, and those who enjoy a fluid skating experience

Off-Road Skate Shoes

Built for adventure, off-road electric skate shoes are equipped with large, rugged wheels, all-terrain treads, reinforced frames, and shock-absorbing systems to handle dirt paths, gravel, grass, and uneven surfaces.

Advantages
  • Superior traction on rough and loose terrain
  • Durable construction withstands impacts and outdoor conditions
  • Powerful motors designed for climbing inclines
  • Ideal for outdoor recreation and exploration
Limitations
  • Heavier and bulkier than urban models
  • Reduced battery efficiency on challenging terrain
  • Louder operation due to larger motors and tires

Best for: Outdoor enthusiasts, adventurers, trail riders, and anyone who wants to skate beyond paved roads

Freestyle Electric Skate Shoes

Specially engineered for tricks, jumps, and stunts, freestyle models feature reinforced exteriors, impact-resistant materials, responsive motors, and enhanced suspension for maximum control during aerial maneuvers.

Advantages
  • Highly durable and built to absorb shocks
  • Precise throttle response for trick execution
  • Ergonomic design supports dynamic movements
  • Encourages creative expression and skill development
Limitations
  • Not optimized for long-distance travel
  • Higher cost due to specialized components
  • Requires protective gear and practice space

Best for: Skaters interested in performing tricks, urban park sessions, and stunt-based recreation

Pro/Speed Electric Skate Shoes

Engineered for high-performance use, these skates boast powerful motors, extended battery life, aerodynamic designs, and advanced stability features to deliver top speeds and reliable handling.

Advantages
  • High top speeds (up to 25+ mph on some models)
  • Longer battery life for extended rides
  • Enhanced stability and control at high velocities
  • Suitable for competitive racing or fast commutes
Limitations
  • Expensive compared to entry-level options
  • Requires experience and safety precautions
  • May be restricted in certain public areas due to speed

Best for: Advanced riders, speed enthusiasts, racers, and professionals needing rapid point-to-point transportation

Type Best Terrain Skill Level Speed & Range Ideal Use Case
Board Shoe Skates Smooth pavement Beginner Low to moderate speed, short range Daily commuting, campus travel, casual use
Inline Electric Skates Urban sidewalks, bike paths Intermediate Moderate speed, medium range Gliding, fitness, urban mobility
Off-Road Skate Shoes Dirt, gravel, grass, trails Intermediate to Advanced Moderate speed, variable range Outdoor adventures, off-road exploration
Freestyle Electric Skates Skate parks, flat concrete Intermediate to Expert Variable speed, short bursts Tricks, stunts, creative skating
Pro/Speed Electric Skates Paved roads, tracks Advanced High speed, long range Racing, fast commuting, performance riding

Expert Tip: Always wear protective gear—especially a helmet, knee pads, and wrist guards—when using electric skate shoes. Higher-performance models require greater control and balance, so practice in a safe, open area before riding in traffic or at high speeds.

Buying Advice: Consider battery life, weight, portability, and terrain compatibility when choosing your electric skate shoes. For beginners, start with board-style or inline models; off-road and pro models are better suited for experienced users with specific performance goals.

Specifications of Electric Skate Shoes

Electric skate shoes are innovative personal mobility devices that combine the convenience of footwear with the thrill of motorized transportation. Understanding their key specifications helps users make informed decisions based on performance needs, terrain conditions, and intended use—whether for urban commuting, recreational skating, or high-speed travel. The main components to evaluate include motor power, battery capacity, wheel size, top speed, and frame construction.

Key Performance Specifications

Motor Power

Motor power is a critical factor that directly influences acceleration, hill-climbing ability, and overall responsiveness. Most electric skate shoes use compact brushless DC motors embedded in the wheel hubs, offering high energy efficiency, low maintenance, and consistent performance over time.

Entry-level models typically feature motors in the 100–200 watt range, suitable for flat terrain and casual use. High-performance models may have dual motors (up to 500 watts total), enabling steeper incline climbing (up to 15–20%) and faster acceleration. The motor's torque output also affects how quickly the shoes respond to rider input, especially when starting from a stop or navigating uneven surfaces.

Battery Capacity

Battery capacity, measured in milliampere-hours (mAh) or ampere-hours (Ah), determines how long the skate shoes can operate on a single charge. Most models use lithium-ion batteries due to their high energy density, lightweight design, and rechargeability.

Standard models often come with 3,000–5,000 mAh batteries, providing 60–90 minutes of continuous use or a range of 10–15 km (6–9 miles). Premium models may feature larger 7,000+ mAh batteries, extending the range to 20–25 km (12–15 miles). Charging times typically range from 1.5 to 3 hours, and battery lifespan averages 300–500 charge cycles before capacity degrades significantly.

Wheel Size

Wheel size plays a major role in ride comfort, stability, and terrain adaptability. Electric skate shoes generally feature wheels between 70 mm and 100 mm in diameter, made from durable polyurethane with rubber or gel cores for shock absorption.

Smaller wheels (70–80 mm) offer greater agility and tighter turning radius, making them ideal for navigating crowded sidewalks and smooth pavement. Larger wheels (90–100 mm) roll over cracks, gravel, and minor obstacles more easily, providing a smoother ride on rougher urban or suburban surfaces. Some models include air-filled or hollow-core wheels to further enhance cushioning and traction.

Top Speed

The maximum speed of electric skate shoes varies widely depending on motor power, battery output, wheel size, and rider weight. Most consumer models have a top speed between 10 km/h (6 mph) and 20 km/h (12 mph), suitable for safe urban commuting.

Advanced or professional-grade models can reach speeds of up to 30 km/h (18.6 mph), appealing to experienced riders seeking faster travel. Speed is often adjustable via a mobile app or remote control, allowing users to switch between beginner, standard, and sport modes. Safety features like automatic speed limiting on inclines or low battery are common in higher-end models.

Frame and Shoe Material

The construction materials used in the frame and shoe body impact durability, weight, and comfort. Lightweight yet strong composites such as carbon fiber, reinforced nylon, and aerospace-grade aluminum are commonly used to balance strength and portability.

Carbon fiber frames offer excellent rigidity and vibration damping, ideal for high-speed stability. Aluminum provides good strength-to-weight ratio and heat dissipation, while plastic composites keep costs lower and allow for ergonomic shaping. The upper shoe material is typically breathable mesh or synthetic leather for comfort during extended wear, with reinforced toe and heel zones for impact protection.

Additional Features

Beyond core specifications, modern electric skate shoes often include smart features that enhance usability and safety. These may include Bluetooth connectivity for app integration, LED lighting for visibility, regenerative braking systems, real-time speed and battery monitoring, and waterproofing (IPX4 or higher) for all-weather use.

Ergonomic design elements such as adjustable straps, cushioned insoles, and anti-slip footbeds improve comfort and control. Some models support modular upgrades, allowing users to replace batteries, wheels, or motors independently, extending the product’s lifespan and reducing long-term costs.

Specification Typical Range Performance Impact
Motor Power 100–500 W (total) Higher power = better acceleration & hill climbing
Battery Capacity 3,000–7,000 mAh Higher capacity = longer range & usage time
Wheel Diameter 70–100 mm Larger wheels = smoother ride on rough surfaces
Top Speed 10–30 km/h (6–18.6 mph) Depends on motor, terrain, and rider weight
Frame Material Carbon fiber, aluminum, reinforced plastic Affects weight, durability, and ride quality

Choosing the Right Model

  • For Commuters: Prioritize battery life, comfort, and compact design. Look for models with at least 15 km range, IP-rated protection, and easy portability.
  • For Recreational Use: Focus on agility, ease of use, and fun factor. Mid-range speed and responsive controls are ideal.
  • For Performance Riders: Choose high-power motors, large wheels, and durable materials. Dual-motor setups and advanced suspension systems enhance control at speed.
  • For Beginners: Opt for lower top speeds, intuitive controls, and built-in safety features like speed governors and stable wheel geometry.
  • For All-Terrain Use: Select larger wheels, rugged frames, and water-resistant construction to handle varied surfaces like gravel, grass, or wet pavement.
  • Important: Always wear protective gear—including a helmet, knee pads, and wrist guards—when using electric skate shoes. Be aware of local regulations regarding motorized personal transport devices. Overloading, riding on unsafe terrain, or neglecting battery care can lead to reduced performance, premature wear, or accidents. Regular maintenance such as cleaning wheels, checking battery health, and inspecting structural integrity ensures long-term reliability and safety.

    Maintenance of Electric Skate Shoes

    Proper care and regular maintenance are essential for maximizing the lifespan, safety, and performance of electric skate shoes. These advanced personal mobility devices combine electronics, motors, and mechanical components, all of which require attention to ensure smooth, reliable operation. Following a consistent maintenance routine helps prevent premature wear, reduces the risk of malfunctions, and keeps your e-skates ready for daily use.

    Battery Care

    The battery is the heart of your electric skate shoes, powering the motor and onboard electronics. Proper charging habits significantly influence battery longevity and overall device reliability.

    • Charge the battery according to the manufacturer’s guidelines—typically between 20% and 80% capacity for daily use to prolong cell life
    • Avoid deep discharges (below 10%) and extended full charges (100% for long durations), as both can degrade lithium-ion cells over time
    • Use only the original or certified charger to prevent voltage mismatches and overheating
    • If storing for extended periods, maintain a charge level of around 50% to minimize chemical stress on the battery

    Safety note: Never leave the skates charging unattended or overnight to reduce fire risk.

    Brake System Optimization

    Electric skate shoes often use regenerative or electronic braking systems integrated with motor control. These systems rely on stable power delivery and responsive firmware.

    • Regularly inspect the battery for signs of swelling, leakage, or physical damage—any of these indicate immediate replacement is needed
    • Do not attempt to open or repair the battery pack yourself; improper handling can lead to short circuits, burns, or fires
    • Follow firmware updates from the manufacturer to ensure braking algorithms remain optimized and responsive
    • Have internal components cleaned or serviced by certified technicians only, especially if performance degrades

    Critical reminder: Users should never disassemble electrical components—this voids warranties and poses serious safety hazards.

    Wheel and Motor Maintenance

    The wheels and hub motors work in tandem to deliver propulsion and traction. Keeping them clean and well-maintained ensures optimal efficiency and responsiveness.

    • Inspect wheels regularly for cracks, uneven wear, flat spots, or embedded debris that could affect balance and grip
    • Replace damaged wheels promptly to avoid strain on the motor and potential loss of control
    • Clean wheels frequently using a soft brush or cloth to remove dirt, sand, and grime that can impair performance
    • Use only manufacturer-recommended lubricants on motor shafts or moving parts—over-lubrication can attract dust and cause buildup
    • Avoid abrasive cleaning tools that may scratch surfaces or damage seals around motor housings

    Pro tip: Rotate wheels periodically (if applicable) to ensure even wear and extended usability.

    Cleaning the Shoes and Skate Body

    Most electric skate shoes feature fabric uppers similar to athletic footwear, but with integrated electronics and structural supports that require careful cleaning.

    • Remove the insoles and battery (if removable) before cleaning to protect sensitive components
    • Wash fabric parts at low temperatures (30°C or below) using mild detergent—avoid bleach or harsh chemicals
    • Never machine-dry; instead, air dry away from direct heat sources like radiators or sunlight to prevent warping or material degradation
    • Use a damp microfiber cloth to wipe down the deck, motor housing, and control panels—avoid soaking any part of the unit
    • Gently scrape stubborn debris from wheel grooves or chassis using a plastic tool to avoid scratching surfaces

    Best practice: Clean after every few uses, especially if exposed to rain, mud, or salt.

    Wheel Alignment and Tire Pressure

    Although most electric skate shoes use solid or semi-pneumatic wheels, maintaining proper inflation (where applicable) and alignment is crucial for performance and safety.

    • Check tire pressure regularly if your model uses inflatable wheels—under-inflation increases rolling resistance and wear, while over-inflation reduces shock absorption
    • Refer to the manufacturer’s recommended PSI (pounds per square inch) for optimal balance between comfort and efficiency
    • Inspect tires for punctures, bulges, or tread wear that could compromise traction, especially in wet conditions
    • Ensure wheels spin freely and are securely mounted—loose axles or misaligned wheels can cause instability
    • Store the skates with wheels elevated or rotated occasionally to prevent flat-spotting during long-term storage

    Maintenance schedule: Perform a full wheel and pressure check every 10–15 hours of use.

    Storage and Usage Habits

    How you store and use your electric skate shoes plays a major role in their long-term durability and readiness.

    • Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight to prevent UV damage and battery degradation
    • Avoid damp environments like basements or garages where moisture can corrode electrical contacts
    • Use your e-skates regularly to keep motors and electronics active—prolonged inactivity can lead to battery dormancy or connection issues
    • Keep firmware updated via the companion app to benefit from performance improvements and safety patches
    • Always power down completely after use to conserve battery and prevent phantom drain

    Smart habit: Create a monthly maintenance checklist to stay ahead of wear and potential issues.

    Professional Recommendation: Treat electric skate shoes like high-performance tech gear—regular care prevents costly repairs. Invest in a protective carrying case and moisture-absorbing silica packs for storage. For riders in urban or wet climates, consider applying a water-resistant spray (on non-electrical parts) to enhance durability. When in doubt, consult the manufacturer’s service center rather than attempting DIY fixes on electrical systems.

    Maintenance Task Frequency Tools Needed Key Benefit
    Battery charge management After every use Original charger Extends battery lifespan by up to 40%
    Wheel inspection & cleaning Every 5–10 hours of use Soft brush, damp cloth Prevents motor strain and improves grip
    Firmware/software update Monthly or as notified Smartphone + app Enhances braking, stability, and efficiency
    Full system check (pro service) Every 6 months Authorized technician Ensures safety and peak performance

    Additional Considerations

    • Environmental Protection: Avoid riding through deep puddles or snow—most e-skates are water-resistant, not waterproof
    • Noise Monitoring: Unusual grinding or clicking sounds may indicate motor or wheel bearing issues—address promptly
    • Weight Limits: Exceeding the recommended load accelerates wear on motors, wheels, and structural components
    • Warranty Compliance: Follow all care instructions to maintain warranty coverage—improper maintenance often voids protection
    • Eco-Friendly Disposal: Recycle old batteries and worn parts at designated e-waste centers to minimize environmental impact

    Scenarios for Electric Skate Shoes: Maximizing Mobility and Fun

    Electric skate shoes are revolutionizing personal transportation and recreation by combining the convenience of footwear with the thrill of motorized movement. These innovative devices are designed for a wide range of applications, from urban commuting to outdoor adventures. With their compact design, portability, and intuitive control, electric skate shoes offer a unique blend of functionality and enjoyment suitable for various lifestyles and skill levels.

    Pro Tip: Always check local regulations before using electric skate shoes in public spaces. Some cities classify them as motorized vehicles and may have specific rules regarding speed limits, usage zones, or required safety gear.

    Top 5 Use Cases for Electric Skate Shoes

    • Daily Commuting

      Electric skate shoes are a game-changer for urban commuters. Ideal for navigating crowded sidewalks and short-distance travel, they provide a faster alternative to walking while being more portable than electric scooters or skateboards. With typical ranges of 6–12 miles per charge, they’re perfect for bridging the gap between home, transit hubs, workplaces, or campuses. Their lightweight design allows users to carry them indoors easily, eliminating parking hassles and making them ideal for multimodal transit.

      Bonus Benefit: Many models feature USB charging and foldable designs, integrating seamlessly into briefcases or backpacks for true on-the-go mobility.

    • Leisure Skating

      For recreation enthusiasts, electric skate shoes transform casual outings into dynamic experiences. Whether exploring city parks, boardwalks, or scenic trails, these shoes enhance the joy of free skating with motorized assistance. The electric boost reduces physical strain, allowing users to cover more ground and enjoy longer sessions without fatigue. They’re especially popular among social skaters who want to keep pace with friends or join community skating events with minimal effort.

      Expert Insight: Use lower speed settings for relaxed cruising and gradually increase as confidence builds—ideal for family outings or weekend exploration.

    • Fitness Skating

      Electric skate shoes offer a customizable fitness solution for those seeking low-impact cardiovascular exercise. Riders can adjust motor assistance to create a hybrid workout—using more power for recovery and less for active effort. This adaptability supports endurance training, balance improvement, and joint-friendly movement, making it accessible for beginners or those recovering from injury. Over time, users can reduce assistance to increase intensity, building stamina and coordination in a fun, engaging way.

      Fitness Tip: Combine intervals of powered and manual skating to maximize calorie burn and muscle engagement while minimizing joint stress.

    • Extreme Sports and Tricks

      High-performance electric skate shoes are engineered for thrill-seekers and freestyle skaters. Built with reinforced frames, shock-absorbing wheels, and responsive motors, these models support jumps, grinds, and technical maneuvers. The motor assist provides extra momentum for launching tricks and helps maintain speed during complex sequences, reducing the need for constant pushing. This allows skaters to extend practice sessions and refine skills with less physical exhaustion.

      Safety Note: Always wear protective gear—including helmet, knee pads, and wrist guards—when attempting stunts or high-speed skating.

    • Off-Road Adventures

      Designed for rugged terrain, off-road electric skate shoes feature all-terrain treads, enhanced suspension, and powerful motors capable of tackling grass, gravel, dirt trails, and even sandy beaches. These models enable outdoor enthusiasts to explore nature beyond paved paths, making hiking trails, campgrounds, and coastal areas more accessible. The motor assistance is particularly valuable on inclines or uneven surfaces, helping riders maintain momentum and confidence across diverse environments.

      Adventure Tip: Look for waterproof or water-resistant models if planning to ride in damp or unpredictable weather conditions.

    Usage Scenario Key Benefits Ideal Features Suggested Skill Level
    Daily Commuting Time-saving, portable, traffic-free travel Lightweight, long battery life, compact design Beginner to Intermediate
    Leisure Skating Fun, social, low-effort exploration Smooth ride, quiet motor, intuitive controls All Levels
    Fitness Skating Cardiovascular health, joint protection, stamina building Adjustable assistance, responsive braking, ergonomic fit Beginner to Intermediate
    Extreme Sports Enhanced trick performance, reduced fatigue Durable build, high torque, responsive handling Intermediate to Advanced
    Off-Road Adventures Access to nature, all-terrain capability All-terrain tires, suspension, water resistance Intermediate to Advanced

    Maintenance Tip: Regularly inspect wheels, bearings, and battery connections to ensure optimal performance and safety. Clean the shoes after off-road or wet-weather use to prevent debris buildup and corrosion.

    Choosing the Right Model for Your Lifestyle

    When selecting electric skate shoes, consider your primary use case:

    • Commuting? Prioritize battery life, weight, and portability.
    • Fitness? Look for adjustable power modes and fitness tracking features.
    • Adventure? Choose models with off-road tires and durable construction.
    • Tricks? Opt for high-torque motors and reinforced frames.

    Always test the shoes in a safe environment before using them in traffic or challenging conditions. Proper sizing, balance, and familiarity with braking systems are essential for safe operation.

    Electric skate shoes represent the future of personal mobility—blending innovation, convenience, and excitement. Whether you're cutting commute times, staying active, or exploring new terrains, these smart shoes offer a dynamic way to move through the world. As technology advances, expect even greater integration with smart devices, improved battery efficiency, and enhanced safety features that make electric skating more accessible than ever.

    Frequently Asked Questions About Electric Skate Shoes

    Q1: How long can the battery last on one charge in electric skate shoes?

    The battery life of electric skate shoes varies significantly depending on the model, battery capacity, rider weight, terrain, and riding speed. On average, most models offer between 1 to 3 hours of continuous use per full charge, which typically translates to a range of 6 to 15 miles (10–24 km).

    • Entry-level models: Often provide around 1 hour of runtime (6–8 miles), suitable for short commutes or casual use.
    • Premium models: Feature higher-capacity lithium-ion batteries that can last up to 3+ hours with energy-efficient motors and regenerative braking systems.
    • Charging time: Usually ranges from 2 to 4 hours, depending on the battery size and charger output.

    To maximize battery life, avoid extreme temperatures, store the device with a partial charge when not in use, and follow the manufacturer’s charging guidelines.

    Q2: Are electric skate shoes repairable?

    Yes, many components of electric skate shoes are repairable, though the extent depends on the brand, build quality, and availability of replacement parts. Regular maintenance can extend their lifespan and prevent costly replacements.

    • Common repairable parts: Wheels, motor housings, footpads, and electronic modules like controllers or battery packs (in modular designs).
    • Wear and tear prevention: Routine cleaning, checking for loose screws, inspecting wheel alignment, and ensuring firmware updates (if applicable) help maintain performance.
    • Professional servicing: For issues involving internal wiring, motor faults, or water damage, it's recommended to consult authorized service centers to avoid voiding warranties.

    Some brands offer modular designs that make DIY repairs easier, while others use sealed units that may require full component replacement. Always refer to the user manual for disassembly and repair guidance.

    Q3: Which surface is ideal for electric skate shoes?

    Electric skate shoes perform best and remain safest when used on flat, smooth, and firm surfaces. These conditions ensure optimal traction, control, and energy efficiency.

    • Recommended surfaces: Paved sidewalks, urban bike paths, concrete trails, gym floors, and flat park roads.
    • Surfaces to avoid: Gravel, wet pavement, grass, sand, or uneven terrain—these increase resistance, reduce stability, and may damage motors or wheels.
    • Commuting tip: Plan routes with minimal inclines and obstacles; steep hills can strain the motor and drain the battery faster.

    Using electric skate shoes on appropriate surfaces not only enhances ride comfort but also improves safety and prolongs the life of both mechanical and electrical components.

    Q4: How easy is it to transport electric skate shoes?

    One of the biggest advantages of electric skate shoes is their portability and compact design. Unlike traditional electric scooters or skateboards, they are lightweight and can be easily carried or stored.

    • Weight: Most models weigh between 4–8 lbs (1.8–3.6 kg) per shoe, making them simple to carry in a backpack or by hand.
    • Compactness: They take up minimal space—ideal for commuters using public transit, storing under desks, or traveling.
    • Travel-friendly: Their small size often allows them to comply with airline carry-on regulations, though lithium batteries may require special handling.

    This makes electric skate shoes an excellent last-mile transportation solution, especially in crowded cities where folding bikes or scooters are cumbersome.

    Q5: Do electric skate shoes work in wet conditions?

    Most electric skate shoes are **not designed for wet or rainy conditions**, even if some newer models include limited weather-resistant features. Exposure to moisture poses serious risks to both performance and safety.

    • Water resistance: Some models feature IPX4 or IPX5 ratings, meaning they can withstand light splashes or humidity but not submersion or heavy rain.
    • Risks of wet use: Water can seep into motors, circuitry, or battery compartments, leading to short circuits, corrosion, or permanent damage.
    • Safety concerns: Wet surfaces reduce traction, increasing the risk of slipping or losing balance, especially at higher speeds.

    To protect your investment, avoid riding in rain, puddles, or damp environments. If the device gets wet, turn it off immediately, disconnect the power if possible, and let it dry completely before reuse. For all-weather commuting, consider fully waterproof e-devices specifically rated for outdoor use.