Types of Traxxas Balance Boards
A Traxxas balance board, often referred to as a "jump board" or balancing charger accessory, is an essential tool for safely charging and maintaining the performance of your Traxxas RC vehicle’s batteries. These boards ensure that each cell in a LiPo (Lithium Polymer) or NiMH battery pack is charged evenly, preventing overcharging, extending battery life, and enhancing overall safety. With various models available, choosing the right balance board can significantly improve your charging efficiency and vehicle performance.
Standard Balance Boards
The most widely used type, typically included with Traxxas chargers or basic RC setups. These boards are constructed from durable, flat materials and are designed to fit the standard wheelbase of most Traxxas vehicles, allowing consistent electrical contact during charging.
Advantages
- Simple plug-and-play operation
- Compatible with most Traxxas models
- Reliable for everyday use
- Affordable and widely available
Limitations
- Limited to basic balancing functions
- No advanced diagnostics or monitoring
- Few customization options
Best for: Beginners, casual hobbyists, and standard home charging setups
ProScale Balance Boards
Engineered for precision and professional use, ProScale boards offer enhanced accuracy in voltage distribution across battery cells. These are ideal for competitive racers and serious enthusiasts who demand peak performance from their battery packs.
Advantages
- High-precision cell balancing
- Integrated temperature monitoring
- Supports fine-tuning of charge profiles
- Improved battery longevity and safety
Limitations
- Higher cost compared to standard boards
- Steeper learning curve for new users
- May require compatible advanced chargers
Best for: RC racing, competition environments, and performance tuning
Multi-Channel Balance Boards
Designed for efficiency, these boards allow simultaneous charging and balancing of multiple batteries. Equipped with several ports, they connect to multi-port chargers, enabling users to manage multiple battery packs without sequential waiting.
Advantages
- Significantly reduces total charging time
- Ideal for multi-battery operations
- Great for team racing or commercial use
- Increases productivity during events
Limitations
- Requires a compatible multi-output charger
- Larger footprint and less portable
- Higher initial investment
Best for: Racing teams, commercial operators, and frequent users with multiple battery packs
DIY Balance Boards
Custom-built solutions created by hobbyists using modular components, 3D-printed parts, or repurposed electronics. These boards are tailored to specific vehicle configurations, charging systems, or personal preferences.
Advantages
- Fully customizable design and layout
- Cost-effective for tech-savvy users
- Opportunity for innovation and learning
- Can integrate unique features or connectors
Limitations
- Requires technical knowledge and tools
- No warranty or manufacturer support
- Potential safety risks if improperly built
Best for: Advanced hobbyists, educators, and makers who enjoy custom RC projects
Smart Balance Boards
The latest evolution in balancing technology, smart boards feature wireless connectivity, real-time data tracking, and intelligent diagnostics. These high-tech boards often sync with mobile apps or computer software to provide deep insights into battery health and charging performance.
Advantages
- Bluetooth or Wi-Fi app integration
- Real-time voltage, current, and temperature monitoring
- Data logging for performance analysis
- Automated alerts for imbalances or faults
Limitations
- Premium pricing
- Dependence on software and devices
- May require regular firmware updates
Best for: Tech-forward users, professional racers, and those integrating RC systems into larger performance ecosystems
| Type | Functionality | Best Use Case | Complexity | Value for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Standard | Basic balancing, plug-and-play | Daily hobby use, beginners | Low | Entry-level users |
| ProScale | Precision balancing, temp monitoring | Racing, performance tuning | Medium-High | Competitive drivers |
| Multi-Channel | Simultaneous multi-battery charging | Team events, commercial use | Medium | High-volume users |
| DIY | Custom configurations, flexible design | Personal projects, learning | High | Hobbyist builders |
| Smart | App connectivity, real-time analytics | Advanced diagnostics, data tracking | High | Tech-savvy professionals |
Expert Tip: Always ensure your balance board is compatible with your charger’s output voltage and connector type. Using mismatched equipment can lead to improper charging, reduced battery life, or even safety hazards like overheating.
Safety Note: Charge LiPo batteries on a fireproof surface and never leave them unattended. A properly functioning balance board is a critical part of safe charging—regularly inspect connectors for wear or melting.
Design of Traxxas Balance Board: Engineering for Performance and Reliability
Traxxas balance boards are essential tools in the world of high-performance RC vehicles, specifically designed to ensure safe, efficient, and balanced charging of LiPo (Lithium Polymer) and other rechargeable battery packs. Their design plays a pivotal role in protecting battery integrity, enhancing operational safety, and prolonging both battery and vehicle lifespan. A well-engineered balance board prevents overcharging, thermal runaway, and cell imbalance—common issues that can lead to reduced performance or even catastrophic failure.
Beyond functionality, the physical and electrical design of Traxxas balance boards reflects the brand’s commitment to durability, user-friendliness, and seamless integration within the Traxxas ecosystem. Below is a detailed breakdown of the key design elements that make these boards indispensable for serious RC enthusiasts and professionals alike.
Material: Built to Last Under Demanding Conditions
Traxxas balance boards are constructed using high-grade, impact-resistant materials engineered to withstand the rigors of frequent use in dynamic environments. The primary materials include reinforced engineering plastics and lightweight aluminum alloys—both selected for their exceptional strength-to-weight ratio.
Reinforced plastics offer excellent electrical insulation and resistance to vibration and shock, making them ideal for protecting sensitive circuitry. Aluminum alloys, often used in heat-dissipating components or structural supports, provide superior thermal conductivity and mechanical stability. These materials are also chosen for their ability to endure elevated temperatures generated during extended charging cycles, ensuring long-term reliability.
Importantly, Traxxas designs its boards with thermal management in mind. The materials used help dissipate heat efficiently, reducing the risk of hotspots and enabling safer operation in enclosed spaces or during back-to-back charging sessions. This thermal resilience makes Traxxas balance boards suitable for use in controlled, cooler environments where consistent performance is critical.
Shape: Precision Fit for Optimal Stability
The shape of a Traxxas balance board is not arbitrary—it is meticulously designed to match the form factor of Traxxas battery packs and compatible RC models. Most boards feature a rectangular or slightly contoured profile that aligns perfectly with standard battery dimensions, minimizing movement during charging or storage.
This precise fit ensures that connectors remain securely mated, reducing the risk of disconnection, arcing, or physical damage to the battery terminals. In addition, the stable platform prevents accidental tipping or shifting, which is especially important when charging high-capacity batteries that generate significant heat.
Some advanced models incorporate modular or adjustable features, allowing the board to accommodate multiple battery sizes and configurations. These flexible designs enhance versatility, making them ideal for users who operate a variety of Traxxas vehicles—from compact stadium trucks to large-scale monster buggies.
Colors and Aesthetics: Brand Identity Meets Functional Design
While color does not directly affect performance, Traxxas balance boards are consistently styled in the brand’s signature color scheme: bold blue, sleek gray, and matte black. These colors not only reinforce brand identity but also contribute to a professional, high-tech aesthetic that resonates with enthusiasts.
The prominent display of the Traxxas logo serves dual purposes—enhancing product recognition and assuring users of authenticity and quality. This branding extends to packaging and accessories, creating a cohesive ecosystem that builds consumer trust.
Functionally, the rugged, industrial appearance signals durability and purpose-built engineering. The finish is often textured or coated to resist scratches, fingerprints, and UV degradation, maintaining both appearance and integrity over time. This design philosophy emphasizes that Traxxas products are not just tools—they are integral components of a high-performance RC experience.
Size: Tailored to Battery and Vehicle Requirements
The size of a Traxxas balance board is carefully calibrated to the intended battery type and vehicle class. Compact boards are designed for smaller 2S or 3S LiPo packs used in entry-level or mini RC models, offering space efficiency without sacrificing connectivity.
Larger boards accommodate high-capacity 4S, 6S, or even 8S battery systems found in high-speed or long-range vehicles. These expanded platforms provide better airflow around battery cells, promoting even heat distribution and reducing thermal stress during charging.
Proper sizing also ensures that all balance leads, main power connectors, and optional sensor cables are neatly organized and strain-relieved. This reduces clutter, minimizes tripping hazards, and protects delicate wiring from damage due to tension or bending.
Interface and Connectivity: Seamless Integration for Enhanced Control
At the heart of the Traxxas balance board’s effectiveness is its intelligent interface design. Each board is equipped with standardized Traxxas iD™ connectors, ensuring plug-and-play compatibility with Traxxas chargers and batteries. This eliminates the need for adapters and reduces the risk of incorrect connections.
In addition to primary charging ports, many balance boards include dedicated terminals for balance leads, temperature sensors, and voltage monitors. These allow real-time tracking of individual cell voltages and pack temperature—critical metrics for maintaining battery health and preventing overcharging.
Advanced models may support communication with smart chargers, enabling automatic charge profile selection based on battery type and capacity. This level of integration streamlines the charging process, improves safety, and enhances overall user experience.
Some boards also feature labeling, color-coded ports, or LED indicators to guide users through setup, reducing errors and increasing confidence during operation.
| Design Feature | Functional Benefit | Best Use Case |
|---|---|---|
| Reinforced Plastic Housing | Impact resistance, electrical insulation, lightweight | Daily use, indoor charging stations |
| Aluminum Alloy Components | Heat dissipation, structural rigidity | High-capacity battery charging, extended sessions |
| Rectangular Precision Fit | Secure battery placement, reduced movement | Standard Traxxas battery models |
| Adjustable/Modular Design | Compatibility with multiple battery sizes | Multi-vehicle owners, competition setups |
| Integrated Sensor Ports | Real-time monitoring of voltage and temperature | Safety-critical applications, high-performance tuning |
Important: Always use genuine Traxxas balance boards and compatible chargers to ensure safe and optimal charging. Third-party accessories may not meet the same safety standards and could lead to battery damage, fire hazards, or voided warranties. Regularly inspect your balance board for signs of wear, melting, or loose connections, and replace it immediately if any issues are detected.
Scenarios of Traxxas Balance Board Usage
Using the right balance board is essential for RC enthusiasts to ensure optimal battery performance, longevity, and safety. Traxxas balance boards are engineered to provide precise cell voltage monitoring and equalization during charging, which helps prevent overcharging, underperformance, and premature battery failure. Understanding the various usage scenarios allows users to maximize efficiency and reliability across different environments—from home garages to competitive racing circuits.
Home Charging
For most RC hobbyists, routine charging at home is the primary use case for a Traxxas balance board. These boards ensure that each lithium-ion or LiPo cell within a battery pack charges evenly, preventing imbalances that can degrade performance and reduce overall lifespan.
- Prevents cell voltage drift, which can lead to swelling or thermal runaway
- Supports smart chargers with balance charging modes for automated, safe charging
- Ideal for weekly maintenance of 2S, 3S, or 4S battery packs used in everyday driving
- Enables trickle balancing to maintain storage voltage when batteries are not in use
Best practice: Always connect both the main power lead and balance connector to ensure full cell monitoring.
Field Charging
Outdoor RC activities often take place far from traditional power sources, making field charging a necessity. Traxxas balance boards used in portable setups allow users to recharge and rebalance batteries on-site, minimizing downtime during extended off-road sessions.
- Compatible with portable power stations and DC-to-DC chargers for remote use
- Quick-connect balance cables streamline setup in rugged conditions
- Helps maintain consistent power delivery after multiple discharge cycles in dusty or wet environments
- Reduces risk of mid-run power drops caused by unbalanced cells
Pro tip: Pair your balance board with a ruggedized charging case to protect connections from dirt and moisture.
Racing Pits
In high-stakes RC racing, every second counts—especially during battery swaps between heats. Balance boards are indispensable in pit areas, where racers need fast, reliable charging and real-time battery diagnostics to maintain peak vehicle performance.
- Enables rapid balancing between races to extend usable battery life per event
- Multi-board setups allow simultaneous charging of multiple packs, improving pit efficiency
- Real-time voltage readouts help identify weak or aging cells before they fail mid-race
- Used alongside data loggers to track battery health over time and optimize race strategy
Critical advantage: Balanced batteries deliver consistent throttle response and top speed throughout the race duration.
Battery Overhaul & Maintenance
During battery overhaul processes—such as refurbishment, capacity testing, or end-of-life assessment—Traxxas balance boards serve as diagnostic tools to evaluate individual cell health and performance trends.
- Identifies underperforming cells that may require replacement or spot-balancing
- Facilitates deep-cycle testing by maintaining equilibrium during charge/discharge cycles
- Supports long-term storage balancing to prevent degradation in infrequently used packs
- Helps determine whether a battery should be retired or reconditioned
Technical insight: Regular balancing during maintenance can extend battery life by up to 30%.
Workshop & Fleet Management
Commercial operators and RC rental services managing multiple vehicles rely on multi-channel Traxxas-compatible balance boards to streamline battery maintenance and reduce operational delays.
- High-density boards support 6–12 battery packs simultaneously, ideal for large fleets
- Centralized monitoring reduces labor costs and human error in charging procedures
- Integrates with inventory systems to log charge cycles and predict replacement schedules
- Ensures uniform performance across all vehicles, critical for customer satisfaction
Efficiency boost: Automated balancing protocols enable unattended overnight charging with full safety compliance.
DIY & Custom RC Builds
Hobbyists designing custom RC vehicles or upgrading existing models often require specialized power management solutions. Traxxas balance boards are adaptable to various configurations, especially when integrated into custom battery packs or high-performance drivetrains.
- Supports non-standard battery layouts (e.g., side-by-side or stacked cells)
- Essential for oversized or high-voltage builds (6S+) where thermal and voltage control are critical
- Used in conjunction with cooling ducts or heat sinks to manage temperature during extended runs
- Enables precise tuning of battery output for optimal motor and ESC performance
Example: A 2S balance board is preferred for small-scale crawlers due to its compact size and perfect match with low-voltage Traxxas batteries.
Expert Recommendation: Whether you're a casual hobbyist or a professional racer, integrating a Traxxas balance board into your charging routine significantly enhances battery safety, efficiency, and service life. For best results, pair your board with a quality smart charger that supports balance mode, and perform regular inspections of balance leads and connectors to prevent resistance buildup.
| Usage Scenario | Typical Setup | Key Benefits | Recommended Frequency |
|---|---|---|---|
| Home Charging | Single board + smart charger | Extended battery life, safety | Every charge cycle |
| Field Charging | Portable board + power bank | Minimized downtime | As needed during outings |
| Racing Pits | Multi-board array + pit station | Fast turnaround, performance consistency | Between every heat |
| Battery Overhaul | Diagnostic setup with voltage meter | Early fault detection | Monthly or pre-storage |
| Workshops | Multi-channel rack system | High throughput, reduced labor | Daily or per shift |
| DIY Builds | Custom-wired balance harness | Optimized power delivery | Integrated into design phase |
Additional Considerations for Optimal Use
- Compatibility: Ensure your balance board matches the cell count (2S, 3S, etc.) and connector type (JST-XH, EC3, etc.) of your batteries
- Cable Quality: High-quality, shielded balance cables reduce signal noise and improve accuracy
- Thermal Protection: Use boards with built-in thermal cutoffs when charging in hot environments
- Firmware Updates: Some advanced boards support firmware upgrades for improved diagnostics and compatibility
- Redundancy: Keep spare balance boards on hand for critical operations like racing events or commercial rentals
Specification & Maintenance of Traxxas Balance Board
The Traxxas balance board is a critical component in managing battery charging and performance for RC vehicles. Understanding its specifications and proper maintenance ensures optimal functionality, extended lifespan, and safe operation. Whether you're a beginner or an experienced hobbyist, this guide provides comprehensive insights into the design, capabilities, and care of Traxxas balance boards to help you get the most out of your investment.
Safety Warning: Always disconnect the balance board from power sources before inspection or cleaning. Never expose electronic components to excessive moisture or extreme temperatures. Use only compatible batteries and chargers to prevent overheating, short circuits, or permanent damage.
Key Specifications
Understanding the technical aspects of the Traxxas balance board helps users select the right model for their setup and ensures compatibility with their existing equipment. Below are the core specifications that define performance and usability.
- Compatibility
Traxxas balance boards are primarily engineered for seamless integration with Traxxas-branded RC vehicles and battery systems. However, many models are also compatible with third-party LiPo (Lithium Polymer) and NiMH (Nickel-Metal Hydride) batteries, provided the connector types and voltage ratings match. This versatility makes them suitable for multi-brand setups, but users should always verify pin configurations and voltage limits to avoid connection errors or equipment damage.
- Material Construction
Most Traxxas balance boards are constructed from lightweight yet durable materials such as aircraft-grade aluminum alloys or high-density engineering plastics. These materials offer excellent thermal conductivity to dissipate heat generated during charging cycles, while also providing shock resistance to withstand the vibrations and impacts common in RC environments. The robust build ensures long-term reliability even under frequent use.
- Size and Form Factor
The physical dimensions of the balance board vary depending on the number of supported cells and battery capacity. Larger boards are designed to accommodate high-cell-count batteries (e.g., 6S–10S LiPo), offering better heat distribution across terminals and reducing hotspots. Compact models are ideal for smaller 2S–4S setups, making them perfect for entry-level or portable applications. Proper sizing ensures efficient thermal management and prevents system overload during extended charging sessions.
- Ports and Connectivity Options
Balance boards typically feature multiple balance ports ranging from 1S to 10S, allowing simultaneous monitoring of individual battery cells to ensure even charging and prevent cell imbalance. These are commonly equipped with standard Traxxas-style connectors for plug-and-play convenience. Advanced models may include auxiliary USB or HDMI ports for firmware updates, diagnostics, or connectivity with smart chargers and monitoring devices—ideal for professional users seeking enhanced control and data tracking.
Maintenance Best Practices
Regular maintenance is essential to preserve the performance and safety of your Traxxas balance board. Following these guidelines will help prevent failures, extend service life, and maintain charging accuracy.
- Regular Inspections
Inspect the balance board before and after each use for signs of physical damage such as cracks, warped surfaces, loose connectors, or burnt terminals. Simultaneously examine connected batteries for swelling, leakage, or puncture marks—indicators of potential failure. Replace any damaged components immediately to avoid risks of fire, short circuits, or degraded performance. A quick visual check can prevent costly repairs or hazardous situations.
- Cleaning Procedures
Keep the board clean by wiping it down after every use with a dry or slightly damp microfiber cloth to remove dust, dirt, and debris. Avoid using wet cloths or liquid cleaners directly on the board, as moisture can seep into circuitry and cause corrosion or electrical shorts. For stubborn grime, use a cotton swab lightly dampened with isopropyl alcohol (90% or higher) on non-electrical surfaces only. Allow full drying before reconnecting.
- Proper Storage Conditions
Store the balance board in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight and humidity. Prolonged exposure to UV rays can degrade plastic housings and weaken internal components, while extreme temperatures (above 120°F or below 32°F) can affect electronic stability and battery chemistry. Ideal storage is at room temperature (68°F–77°F) in a protective case or anti-static bag to shield against dust and static discharge.
- Temperature Monitoring During Use
Some advanced Traxxas balance boards come equipped with built-in temperature sensors that automatically halt charging if overheating is detected. If your model lacks this feature, manually monitor the board and battery every 15–20 minutes during long charging cycles. Touch the surface lightly—if it feels hot to the touch, disconnect immediately and allow cooling. Overheating can lead to permanent circuit damage or thermal runaway in batteries.
| Maintenance Task | Recommended Frequency | Potential Risks if Neglected | Tools/Supplies Needed |
|---|---|---|---|
| Visual Inspection | Before and after each use | Electrical faults, fire hazards, poor charging | Flashlight, inspection mirror |
| Cleaning | After every 3–5 uses or when visibly dirty | Corrosion, connectivity issues, signal interference | Microfiber cloth, isopropyl alcohol, cotton swabs |
| Storage Check | Weekly during active use | Material degradation, moisture damage | Dry storage container, silica gel packs |
| Temperature Monitoring | During all charging sessions | Overheating, battery swelling, system failure | Infrared thermometer (optional) |
| Connection Test | Monthly or after impact/drop | Intermittent power, data errors | Multimeter, continuity tester |
Expert Tip: To maximize efficiency and safety, pair your Traxxas balance board with a smart charger that supports auto-balance mode. This ensures each cell is charged to the same voltage, prolonging battery life and improving overall performance. Also, label your boards and batteries to track usage and identify potential wear patterns over time.
Additional Recommendations
- Always use the correct charging cable and adapter specified for your board model.
- Avoid daisy-chaining multiple balance boards unless explicitly supported by the manufacturer.
- Update firmware regularly if your board supports USB connectivity and software upgrades.
- Keep spare fuses and connectors on hand for quick replacements in case of failure.
- Register your product with Traxxas to receive warranty support and technical alerts.
By understanding the specifications and adhering to proper maintenance routines, you can ensure your Traxxas balance board operates reliably and safely for years. Regular care not only protects your investment but also enhances the performance and longevity of your entire RC system. When in doubt about compatibility or repair, consult the official Traxxas support resources or a certified technician to avoid unintended damage.
Frequently Asked Questions About Traxxas Balance Boards
Q1: What is the function of a Traxxas balance board?A1: The primary function of a Traxxas balance board is to ensure that each individual cell within a lithium-based battery pack (such as LiPo or Li-ion) charges and discharges evenly. This process, known as "cell balancing," helps maintain optimal battery performance, prolongs overall battery life, and prevents issues like overcharging or deep discharging of specific cells, which can lead to reduced efficiency or safety hazards. By distributing the charge uniformly across all cells, the balance board contributes to smoother operation, consistent power delivery, and enhanced reliability during high-performance RC vehicle use.
Q2: Are balance boards universally compatible with different battery types?A2: No, Traxxas balance boards are not universally compatible with all battery types. They are specifically engineered for use with lithium-based batteries, including Lithium-Polymer (LiPo) and Lithium-Ion (Li-ion) battery packs commonly used in RC vehicles. These boards are designed to interface with the standard balance connectors found on such batteries (e.g., JST-XH or similar). They are not suitable for use with older or alternative battery chemistries like NiMH (Nickel-Metal Hydride) or NiCd (Nickel-Cadmium), which do not require cell balancing in the same way and use different charging protocols.
Using a balance board with an incompatible battery type can result in improper charging, potential damage to the battery, or even safety risks such as overheating or fire. Always verify compatibility between your balance board, charger, and battery specifications before connecting.
Q3: How often should one clean their Traxxas balance board?A3: It is highly recommended to inspect and clean your Traxxas balance board after every use, especially if it has been exposed to dust, dirt, moisture, or debris during operation. While the board itself is typically protected within the vehicle or charging setup, the connector pins and ports can accumulate grime over time, which may interfere with proper electrical contact and reduce charging efficiency.
To clean the balance board safely:
- Power off and disconnect all components before cleaning.
- Use a soft, dry brush or compressed air to remove dust from the connector pins.
- If necessary, gently wipe the contacts with a cotton swab slightly dampened with isopropyl alcohol (90% or higher), then allow it to dry completely before reuse.
- Inspect for signs of corrosion, bent pins, or melting, which may indicate damage requiring replacement.
Regular cleaning helps maintain reliable connectivity and ensures accurate cell voltage monitoring during charging.
Q4: Can the balance board protect batteries from overheating?A4: While the balance board itself does not actively cool the battery, many advanced Traxxas-compatible charging systems and smart chargers that work with balance boards include built-in temperature monitoring features to help prevent overheating. Some setups utilize external temperature sensors (such as thermistors or probes) that connect to the charger and monitor the battery’s surface temperature during the charging process.
If the temperature exceeds safe limits—typically above 110°F (43°C)—the charger can automatically reduce the charge rate or shut off entirely to prevent thermal damage, fire, or cell degradation. However, this safety feature depends on the charger and sensor setup, not the balance board alone. The balance board's main role remains cell voltage equalization; thermal protection is a complementary function provided by compatible charging equipment.
For maximum safety, always charge batteries in a fireproof LiPo-safe bag or container, avoid charging unattended for long periods, and never charge immediately after intense use when the battery is still hot.
Q5: Which materials are used to make Traxxas balance boards?A5: Traxxas balance boards are constructed using high-quality, durable materials selected for their lightweight nature, electrical insulation properties, and resistance to environmental stress. The primary components include:
- Reinforced Engineering Plastics: Used for the board housing and connector bodies, these plastics offer excellent heat resistance, impact strength, and electrical insulation, ensuring safe operation under variable conditions.
- Aluminum Alloys: Occasionally used in mounting brackets or heat-dissipating components to add structural rigidity without significant weight gain, while also aiding in thermal management.
- Copper Traces and Gold-Plated Connectors: Inside the circuitry, precision-etched copper pathways enable efficient signal transmission, while gold-plated pins on the balance connector ensure low resistance and corrosion-resistant connections for reliable data and voltage feedback.
This combination of materials ensures that Traxxas balance boards remain lightweight—critical for maintaining the overall performance of RC vehicles—while delivering long-term durability and consistent electrical performance under demanding usage conditions.









