Types of Pedal Catamarans
A pedal catamaran is a human-powered watercraft that combines the stability of a twin-hull design with efficient propulsion systems. These innovative boats are ideal for recreational use, fitness, eco-tourism, and even fishing. With various pedal-driven mechanisms available, users can choose a model that best suits their physical ability, intended use, and performance expectations.
Traditional Pedaling System
Features a forward-mounted pedal setup similar to a bicycle, where leg motion drives a propeller or fin system via a mechanical linkage.
Advantages
- Familiar cycling motion for easy adaptation
- Efficient propulsion on calm waters
- Provides cardiovascular exercise
- Ideal for leisurely exploration and sightseeing
Limitations
- Upright posture may cause back fatigue over time
- Less efficient for long-distance travel
- Limited adjustability for different body types
Best for: Casual riders, beginners, calm lakes and slow rivers
Recumbent Pedaling System
Equipped with a reclined seating position and front-mounted pedals, allowing for a more ergonomic and relaxed riding posture.
Advantages
- Superior comfort for extended use
- Reduces strain on lower back and joints
- Improved power transfer due to optimized leg positioning
- Great for users with mobility or posture concerns
Limitations
- Less common in entry-level models
- May require more space due to longer frame design
- Higher cost compared to traditional systems
Best for: Long-distance paddlers, touring, users seeking ergonomic comfort
Hand Pedaling System
Utilizes a hand-crank mechanism instead of foot pedals, enabling upper-body propulsion for individuals with limited lower-body mobility.
Advantages
- Inclusive design for people with disabilities
- Promotes upper-body strength and endurance
- Accessible to a wider range of users
- Can be used in tandem with adaptive seating
Limitations
- Lower overall speed and efficiency compared to leg-powered systems
- Limited availability in commercial models
- Fatigue sets in faster due to smaller muscle groups
Best for: Adaptive recreation, rehabilitation programs, upper-body fitness
Hybrid Propulsion Systems
Combines both foot and hand pedaling options, allowing users to switch between or simultaneously use both systems for enhanced versatility.
Advantages
- Full-body workout capability
- Reduces fatigue by alternating muscle groups
- Ideal for variable conditions and long trips
- Highly adaptable to individual fitness levels
Limitations
- More complex mechanical design increases maintenance needs
- Heavier and more expensive than single-mode systems
- Requires more space and setup time
Best for: Fitness enthusiasts, multi-day excursions, therapeutic use
Dual-Pedal Catamarans
Designed with synchronized pedaling stations at both the front and rear, allowing two riders to pedal together for increased speed and teamwork.
Advantages
- Enables cooperative or competitive tandem riding
- Greater propulsion power and higher speeds
- Enhances social and recreational experience
- Ideal for couples, families, or team-building activities
Limitations
- Requires coordination between riders
- Larger storage and transport requirements
- Only efficient when both stations are occupied
Best for: Couples, adventure tours, racing, shared outdoor experiences (e.g., model Dual Pedal Catamaran 1)
| Type | Propulsion Method | Comfort | Fitness Benefit | Ideal Use Case |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Traditional Pedaling | Foot-powered (upright) | Good | Moderate (lower body) | Leisure rides, calm waters |
| Recumbent Pedaling | Foot-powered (reclined) | Excellent | High (efficient leg drive) | Long-distance touring |
| Hand Pedaling | Arm-powered (crank system) | Good (adaptive) | Moderate (upper body) | Accessibility, therapy |
| Hybrid System | Foot + Hand powered | Very Good | High (full-body) | Fitness, endurance trips |
| Dual-Pedal Setup | Tandem foot-powered | Good | High (team effort) | Couples, group recreation |
Expert Tip: When selecting a pedal catamaran, consider your primary use—recreation, fitness, or accessibility—and test the ergonomics of the pedal system. Proper seat adjustment and pedal alignment can significantly improve efficiency and comfort during longer rides.
Specifications and Maintenance of Pedal Catamaran 2
Pedal catamarans offer an efficient, eco-friendly way to explore lakes, rivers, and coastal waters. The Pedal Catamaran 2 model combines stability, speed, and durability for both recreational and fitness use. Understanding its key specifications ensures optimal performance, while consistent maintenance enhances safety, extends lifespan, and keeps your watercraft in peak condition for every adventure.
Key Specifications of the Pedal Catamaran 2
The design and engineering of the Pedal Catamaran 2 focus on balance, buoyancy, strength, and user comfort. Below are the core specifications that define its capabilities and suitability for various water activities.
Construction Materials
The material used in construction significantly impacts durability, weight, and resistance to environmental factors. The Pedal Catamaran 2 is available in three primary variants:
- Aluminum: Lightweight and corrosion-resistant, ideal for frequent transport and use in saltwater environments. Resists rust when properly maintained.
- High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE): Extremely impact-resistant and UV-stable, making it perfect for rugged use and prolonged sun exposure. Requires minimal maintenance and won’t crack under normal conditions.
- Marine-Grade Plywood: Offers a classic aesthetic and excellent strength-to-weight ratio. Treated with waterproof sealants to resist rot and delamination, suitable for freshwater use with proper care.
Buoyancy and Safety Design
Safety is paramount in any watercraft. The Pedal Catamaran 2 features multiple independent buoyancy chambers within each hull. These sealed compartments ensure that even if one section is compromised (e.g., punctured), the catamaran remains afloat and stable.
This redundancy allows for safe return to shore in emergencies and provides peace of mind during extended trips. Chambers are typically constructed from closed-cell foam or inflatable bladders with check valves to prevent water ingress.
Dimensions and Hull Design
The catamaran’s dimensions contribute to its stability, maneuverability, and portability:
- Length: 8–12 feet – longer models offer better tracking and speed; shorter ones are more agile.
- Width: 4–6 feet – wide stance enhances lateral stability, reducing the risk of capsizing.
- Hull Depth: 6–12 inches – deeper hulls provide more displacement and load capacity, while shallower ones reduce drag for higher speeds.
The twin-hull design minimizes wake resistance and allows smooth gliding through water with minimal effort.
Weight Capacity and Seating
The Pedal Catamaran 2 is engineered to support varying load requirements:
- Standard models support up to 300 lbs, ideal for solo users or light gear.
- Larger or tandem models can carry up to 600 lbs, accommodating two adults comfortably.
This makes it perfect for dual-pedal configurations, fishing duos, or family outings. Weight distribution should remain balanced between hulls to maintain optimal performance and steering control.
Performance and Speed
Speed varies based on user fitness and intended use:
- Fitness Mode: Achieves speeds of 4–5 mph with continuous pedaling—ideal for cardio workouts and covering long distances efficiently.
- Leisure Mode: Cruising at 2–3 mph allows for relaxed sightseeing, birdwatching, or fishing without fatigue.
The hydrodynamic hull design and efficient drivetrain contribute to low drag and high propulsion efficiency.
Pedal Drivetrain System
Most models use a single-speed pedal drive system connected via chain or belt to a propeller or paddle wheel. Some advanced versions include:
- Recumbent-style seating for ergonomic comfort during long rides.
- Variable-speed gearing options for adjusting resistance based on water conditions.
- Integrated hand-pedaling mechanisms for upper-body engagement or accessibility.
The drivetrain is sealed to minimize exposure to water and debris, but still requires routine inspection and care.
| Specification | Details | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Material Options | Aluminum, HDPE, Marine Plywood | Choose based on environment, portability, and maintenance preference |
| Buoyancy System | Multiple sealed chambers per hull | Enhances safety and unsinkability |
| Typical Dimensions | 8–12 ft (L), 4–6 ft (W), 6–12 in (H) | Affects stability, speed, and storage |
| Weight Capacity | 300–600 lbs | Suitable for 1–2 riders depending on model |
| Top Speed (Pedal) | 4–5 mph (fitness), 2–3 mph (leisure) | Varies with user strength and water conditions |
| Drivetrain Type | 1-speed or variable gear with chain/belt drive | Low maintenance but requires periodic lubrication |
Essential Maintenance Practices
Regular maintenance ensures reliability, safety, and longevity of your Pedal Catamaran 2. Follow these best practices to keep your vessel in top condition.
Important: Always refer to the manufacturer’s manual for model-specific maintenance schedules and procedures. Using incorrect lubricants, skipping inspections, or delaying repairs can lead to reduced performance, safety hazards, or permanent damage. Proper care not only protects your investment but also ensures a safer, smoother, and more enjoyable experience on the water.
Commercial Uses of Pedal Catamarans
Pedal catamarans are rapidly gaining popularity in the commercial sector due to their eco-friendliness, stability, and unique combination of recreation and fitness. These human-powered watercraft offer businesses a sustainable and engaging way to deliver memorable experiences across tourism, education, health, and research industries. Their low environmental impact and ease of use make them ideal for a wide range of applications.
Tourism & Eco-Excursions
Hotels, resorts, and eco-tourism operators increasingly use pedal catamarans to offer guests immersive, low-impact experiences on calm waters such as bays, lakes, and mangrove forests. Unlike motorized boats, these catamarans produce no emissions or noise pollution, preserving the natural environment and enhancing wildlife observation opportunities.
- Ideal for guided eco-tours focusing on birdwatching, marine life, and coastal ecosystems
- Stable twin-hull design allows for safe exploration even for inexperienced paddlers
- Can be equipped with transparent hull sections for underwater viewing
- Perfect for sunset tours, morning excursions, and family-friendly adventures
Business opportunity: Combine with snorkeling or photography packages for premium experiences
Short-Term Rentals & Waterfront Services
Public parks, marinas, and recreational lakes often deploy pedal catamarans as part of their rental fleets. Their intuitive pedal-driven propulsion makes them accessible to a broad audience, including families, seniors, and casual users who may not be comfortable with kayaks or paddleboards.
- Generate consistent revenue through hourly or daily rental models
- Require minimal maintenance compared to motorized watercraft
- Can be integrated into multi-activity centers offering paddleboards, kayaks, and bikes
- High visibility and appeal increase foot traffic and brand recognition
Pro tip: Offer group rates and combo packages to boost customer retention
Educational & Environmental Programs
Schools, nature centers, and conservation organizations use pedal catamarans as mobile classrooms for hands-on environmental education. Their stability allows students to safely conduct water testing, observe aquatic life, and collect data without disturbing ecosystems.
- Support STEM curricula with real-world applications in biology, ecology, and hydrology
- Encourage teamwork and communication as students coordinate pedaling and navigation
- Enable access to shallow or sensitive areas where motorboats are restricted
- Can be fitted with mounting points for nets, sensors, and underwater cameras
Educational benefit: Active learning combined with physical engagement improves retention and interest
Health, Fitness & Therapeutic Use
Rehabilitation centers, wellness resorts, and fitness studios are incorporating pedal catamarans into specialized programs. The smooth, low-impact motion supports joint health while providing effective cardiovascular and muscular endurance training.
- Used in aquatic therapy for patients recovering from injuries or managing chronic conditions
- Rhythmic pedaling promotes mindfulness and stress reduction, similar to meditative movement
- Water cycling classes offer a refreshing alternative to indoor gym routines
- Beneficial for individuals with mobility challenges due to wide decks and easy boarding
Therapeutic advantage: Combines physical activity with calming natural surroundings for holistic wellness
Events, Racing & Team Building
Companies and event planners are leveraging pedal catamarans for corporate retreats, charity races, and community festivals. Their fun, competitive nature fosters engagement and camaraderie in both recreational and professional settings.
- Host regattas or timed races with categories for amateurs, families, and professionals
- Use in team-building exercises that emphasize communication, coordination, and strategy
- Perfect for branded events, sponsorships, and promotional campaigns
- Accessible to diverse age groups and fitness levels, ensuring broad participation
Event idea: Organize "Paddle & Picnic" challenges with prizes for navigation and teamwork
Scientific Research & Environmental Monitoring
Researchers and conservationists use pedal catamarans as quiet, non-invasive platforms for coastal and freshwater monitoring. Their silent operation allows for close observation of wildlife, while their range and cargo capacity support extended fieldwork.
- Equipped with GPS, water quality sensors, sonar, or sampling tools for data collection
- Enable long-duration surveys without fuel costs or noise disruption
- Suitable for monitoring seagrass beds, coral reefs, fish populations, and pollution levels
- Can be deployed in protected areas where motorized access is restricted
Research benefit: Sustainable fieldwork solution that aligns with conservation ethics
Business Insight: Operators looking to maximize return on investment should consider multi-use models that can be quickly reconfigured for rentals, tours, education, or events. Investing in durable, UV-resistant materials and easy-to-clean surfaces will reduce long-term maintenance costs. Additionally, branding the catamarans with logos or educational signage enhances visibility and reinforces your organization’s mission.
| Application Sector | Primary Benefits | Target Audience | Recommended Features |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tourism & Eco-Tours | Low environmental impact, scenic access, guest engagement | Vacationers, eco-tourists, families | Transparent hulls, seating for 2–4, dry storage compartments |
| Rental Operations | High utilization rate, low operating cost, easy operation | General public, tourists, recreational users | Durable construction, quick-dry seats, locking hatch covers |
| Education & Outreach | Hands-on learning, STEM integration, teamwork development | Students, educators, youth groups | Mounting points for gear, stability-focused design, safety rails |
| Health & Therapy | Low-impact exercise, stress reduction, accessibility | Patients, seniors, wellness seekers | Adjustable seating, ergonomic pedals, wide entry points |
| Research & Monitoring | Quiet operation, extended range, equipment compatibility | Scientists, conservationists, NGOs | Instrument mounts, GPS integration, sample storage |
Additional Advantages for Commercial Operators
- Sustainability Credentials: Using human-powered vessels enhances a business’s green image and appeals to environmentally conscious customers
- Low Operating Costs: No fuel, minimal maintenance, and reduced insurance premiums compared to motorized fleets
- Regulatory Compliance: Often exempt from licensing requirements in many jurisdictions due to lack of motor
- Year-Round Use: Suitable for warm climates and can be used in spring, summer, and fall in temperate regions
- Brand Differentiation: Offers a unique selling proposition in crowded recreation markets
How to Choose the Right Pedal Catamaran: A Comprehensive Buyer’s Guide
Selecting the perfect pedal catamaran involves more than just picking a sleek design—it requires careful consideration of your lifestyle, intended use, and performance expectations. Whether you're planning serene weekend cruises, intense fitness sessions, or eco-friendly exploration, the right model can significantly enhance your experience on the water. This guide breaks down the key factors to help you make an informed decision that balances comfort, durability, and value.
Important Note: Unlike traditional kayaks or paddleboards, pedal catamarans use a foot-powered propulsion system, offering greater efficiency and reduced strain on the arms and shoulders. However, they vary widely in design and capability—choosing wisely ensures both safety and satisfaction.
Key Factors to Consider When Choosing a Pedal Catamaran
- Purpose and Usage
Determine how you plan to use the catamaran, as this will guide nearly every other decision:- Leisure Cruising: Opt for stable, easy-to-maneuver models with comfortable seating for relaxed exploration of lakes and calm rivers.
- Fitness Training: Choose models with vertical or elliptical pedal drives that engage core and leg muscles for a full-body workout.
- Eco-Tours & Wildlife Observation: Select quiet, low-impact designs with minimal wake and optional mounting for cameras or binoculars.
- Competitive Racing: Look for streamlined, lightweight catamarans with high-efficiency drivetrains and responsive steering.
- Beginner-Friendly Options: Lightweight, intuitive models with wide beams offer enhanced stability and confidence for new users.
- Design and Size
The physical layout and dimensions directly affect performance and comfort:- Recumbent Style: Features a laid-back seating position ideal for long-duration comfort and relaxed pedaling—perfect for sunset tours or fishing.
- Vertical Pedaling: Mimics a cycling motion, providing a more intense cardiovascular workout and better power transfer.
- Multi-Person Models: Tandem or family-sized catamarans offer shared experiences and greater cargo capacity but require more space and effort to transport.
- Length and Beam: Longer models track better in open water, while wider beams increase stability. Balance these based on your skill level and environment.
- Type of Water Environment
Match the catamaran’s hull design and float configuration to your typical water conditions:- Calm Waters (Lakes, Ponds): Prioritize stability and comfort. Flat or pontoon-style hulls with wide floats are ideal.
- River Currents & Estuaries: Choose models with directional stability and moderate draft to handle gentle currents without drifting.
- Choppy or Open Water (Coastal Areas): Look for deep-V or semi-V hulls, reinforced floats, and secure footwells to maintain control in waves and wind.
- Shallow or Weedy Areas: Propeller-driven models may struggle; consider jet-drive or fin-based systems that resist clogging.
- Weight Capacity and Load Management
Always verify the maximum weight limit and consider total onboard load:- Check manufacturer specifications for total capacity—including passengers, gear, coolers, and accessories.
- Aim for a model that supports at least 20% more than your expected total weight for optimal performance and safety.
- Models with integrated storage hatches, bungee cords, and dry compartments help manage gear without compromising balance.
- Overloading reduces speed, maneuverability, and stability—especially in rough conditions.
- Budget and Value Over Time
Pedal catamarans range from budget-friendly entry-level options to premium performance craft:- Entry-Level ($800–$1,500): Great for occasional use; may have basic materials and fewer features.
- Mid-Range ($1,500–$3,000): Offers a balance of durability, comfort, and performance—ideal for regular users.
- Premium ($3,000+): Built with advanced materials (e.g., carbon fiber, aerospace-grade polymers), superior drivetrains, and ergonomic designs for serious enthusiasts.
- Consider long-term value: A higher initial investment may save money over time through reduced maintenance and extended lifespan.
- Portability and Storage Solutions
Think about how and where you’ll store and transport your catamaran:- Foldable or modular designs break down into compact pieces, ideal for apartments, small garages, or car-top transport.
- Some models fit in SUVs or hatchbacks when disassembled; others require roof racks or trailers.
- Weigh the assembled unit—many range from 70 to 120 lbs. Lightweight composites or aluminum frames ease handling.
- Look for carry handles, wheel kits, or dolly attachments to simplify ground movement.
- Comfort and Ergonomics
Since you may spend hours on the water, prioritize physical comfort:- Adjustable seats with lumbar support reduce fatigue during extended outings.
- Cushioned, high-back seats and breathable mesh materials enhance comfort in warm weather.
- Adjustable pedal positions accommodate different leg lengths and riding styles.
- Wider decks provide more room for leg movement and standing (if needed for casting or sightseeing).
- Consider sun protection options like built-in canopies or accessory mounts for umbrellas.
| Selection Factor | Ideal Features | Avoid If... | Top Recommendations |
|---|---|---|---|
| Purpose & Usage | Match drive type to activity (e.g., recumbent for leisure, vertical for fitness) | Using a racing model for family outings or vice versa | Hobie Mirage, Aqua Marina Speeder, WaterTrike Explorer |
| Design & Size | Wide beam (30+ inches) for stability; longer hull for tracking | Too large for transport or too narrow for confidence | Tandem models for couples; single recumbent for solo relaxation |
| Water Type | Pontoon floats for calm water; deep hulls for open water | Flat-bottomed in choppy seas or deep-V in ponds | Seal Line for coastal use; Sun Dolphin for lakes |
| Weight Capacity | Rated for 400+ lbs for two adults and gear | Exceeding max load leads to poor performance | Check specs carefully; add 20% safety margin |
| Portability | Foldable, under 80 lbs, or with wheel kit | No roof rack or assistance for heavy models | WaterTrike, Oru Kayak variants, inflatable hybrids |
Pro Tip: Test before you buy if possible. Many dealers offer demo days or rental programs. Experiencing the pedal mechanism, seat comfort, and steering response firsthand can prevent buyer’s remorse and ensure the model fits your body and expectations.
Final Considerations Before Purchase
- Check warranty coverage—reputable brands offer 2–5 years on hulls and drivetrains.
- Research customer support and parts availability, especially for drivetrain components.
- Look for upgrade options: accessory rails, fishing rod holders, GPS mounts, or electric assist kits.
- Join online communities or forums to read real-world reviews and maintenance tips.
- Consider resale value—popular models like Hobie or Aqua Marina retain value well.
Choosing the right pedal catamaran is a personal decision that blends practicality with passion. By aligning your selection with your intended use, environment, and physical needs, you’ll enjoy years of efficient, eco-friendly, and exhilarating time on the water. Remember, the best catamaran isn’t always the most expensive—it’s the one that fits your lifestyle perfectly.
Frequently Asked Questions About Pedal Catamarans
Q1: What is a pedal catamaran?A pedal catamaran is a human-powered watercraft featuring two parallel hulls connected by a stable deck platform, designed for balance, speed, and comfort. Instead of using paddles, users propel the boat forward by pedaling with their feet—similar to riding a bicycle. This motion drives a propeller or paddle fin system located beneath the hulls, providing efficient and smooth propulsion through the water.
These vessels are ideal for recreational use, fitness training, fishing, and eco-friendly exploration of waterways. Their open cockpit design often includes seating for one or two people, storage compartments, and compatibility with accessories like fishing rod holders, GPS mounts, and sun shades.
Q2: How is a pedal catamaran different from a regular kayak?While both pedal catamarans and traditional kayaks are used for water-based recreation, they differ significantly in design, propulsion, stability, and user experience:
| Feature | Pedal Catamaran | Traditional Kayak |
|---|---|---|
| Propulsion Method | Foot-powered pedals driving a propeller or fin system | Hand-powered paddling using a double-bladed paddle |
| Stability | High—wide dual-hull design offers excellent balance, even when standing | Moderate to low—narrower profile makes it more prone to tipping |
| Speed & Efficiency | Faster and more energy-efficient over long distances due to leg-powered drive | Slower and more physically demanding, especially over extended periods |
| Comfort & Ergonomics | Upright seating position reduces back strain; often includes adjustable chairs | Seated position may cause discomfort during long trips; limited adjustability |
| Storage & Capacity | Spacious deck with ample cargo room and higher weight capacity | Limited storage space; lower weight limits |
This makes pedal catamarans particularly appealing to anglers, families, and fitness enthusiasts who want a stable, comfortable, and hands-free boating experience.
Q3: Are pedal catamarans easy to transport?Transportation depends on the model, but many modern pedal catamarans are designed with portability in mind. While full-size models can be heavy (ranging from 60 to 100+ pounds), several innovations improve ease of transport:
- Foldable or Modular Designs: Some models can be disassembled into compact components, making them easier to store in small apartments, garages, or vehicles.
- Wheeled Frames: Integrated wheel kits allow for simple rolling from car to water, reducing lifting effort.
- Car-Topping Capability: Lightweight versions can be securely strapped to roof racks without requiring a trailer.
- Trailer Compatibility: Larger models may need a lightweight trailer for frequent long-distance travel, especially for ocean or lake access.
For urban dwellers or frequent travelers, choosing a portable pedal catamaran can greatly enhance convenience and usability across different water environments.
Q4: Can pedal catamarans be used in the ocean or only in calm waters?Pedal catamarans are primarily designed for leisure and fitness activities on calm, inland waterways such as lakes, rivers, and protected bays. However, their suitability for ocean use depends on the specific model and sea conditions:
- Calm Coastal Areas: Ideal for flatwater paddling, light currents, and minimal wave action—perfect for sightseeing, birdwatching, or shoreline fishing.
- Open Ocean Use: Only recommended with robust, seaworthy models built with marine-grade materials, reinforced hulls, and enhanced buoyancy. Even then, users should avoid strong winds, large waves, and tidal currents unless experienced.
- Safety Considerations: Always wear a life jacket, check weather forecasts, carry communication devices, and stay within safe distances from shore when venturing into saltwater environments.
- Corrosion Protection: Saltwater exposure requires thorough rinsing after each use to prevent rust and degradation of metal components, especially in the pedal drive system.
In general, while most pedal catamarans can handle gentle coastal conditions, they are not intended for rough offshore waters. Choosing the right model and exercising caution ensures a safe and enjoyable experience.
Q5: Do pedal catamarans require a lot of maintenance?No, pedal catamarans are designed for low-maintenance operation, but regular care extends their lifespan and ensures optimal performance. Key maintenance practices include:
- Rinsing After Use: Especially important after saltwater exposure—to prevent corrosion and buildup of debris in the pedal mechanism.
- Inspecting the Drive System: Check the pedals, chains or belts, and propeller/fins monthly for wear, damage, or obstructions like weeds or fishing line.
- Lubrication: Apply marine-grade lubricant to moving parts (e.g., pedal axles, gears) every few months or as recommended by the manufacturer.
- Hull Care: Clean the hulls with mild soap and water; inspect for cracks, dents, or UV damage, particularly in high-exposure areas.
- Storage: Store out of direct sunlight when possible, preferably under a cover or indoors, to protect against UV degradation and extreme temperatures.
With consistent, simple upkeep, a high-quality pedal catamaran can provide reliable service for many years, whether used weekly or seasonally. Always refer to the owner’s manual for model-specific maintenance schedules and recommendations.










