A Technical Overview of Vertical Saw Mill Wood: Specifications and Applications

Types of Vertical Sawmill Wood Processing Systems

A vertical sawmill is a specialized woodworking machine that uses a vertically oriented blade to cut logs into dimensional lumber. Unlike horizontal mills, vertical sawmills position the blade upright, allowing gravity to assist in log feeding and improving precision in certain applications. These mills are essential in forestry, construction, and custom woodworking, offering efficient conversion of raw timber into usable boards with minimal waste.

Vertical sawmills are particularly effective for processing large-diameter logs and are favored for their space efficiency, accuracy, and adaptability across various operational scales—from small artisanal workshops to large industrial facilities. This guide explores the four primary types of vertical sawmills, detailing their design, functionality, advantages, and ideal use cases.

Stationary Vertical Sawmill

Designed for permanent installation, stationary vertical sawmills are built for high-volume, continuous lumber production. These robust systems are typically powered by industrial-grade motors and equipped with precision-guided blades that ensure consistent, straight cuts.

Advantages

• High production capacity and throughput
• Exceptional cutting accuracy and repeatability
• Stable operation with minimal vibration
• Ideal for parallel board production and standardized lumber
• Long-term durability with proper maintenance

Limitations

• High initial investment and setup cost
• Requires dedicated facility space
• Not suitable for mobile or on-site operations
• Complex maintenance procedures

Best for: Industrial timber manufacturing, large-scale lumber production, and commercial sawmills

Manual Vertical Sawmill

Operated entirely by hand, manual vertical sawmills rely on levers, hand cranks, or push mechanisms to guide the log through the blade. These mills offer maximum operator control, making them ideal for custom woodworking and small-batch production.

Advantages

• Low operating and maintenance costs
• No dependency on electricity or fuel
• High degree of customization for unique cuts
• Excellent for artisans, hobbyists, and small workshops
• Simple design with easy repairs

Limitations

• Slower production speed
• Labor-intensive operation
• Less consistent results over long periods
• Not suitable for large-scale operations

Best for: Craftsmen, custom furniture makers, educational settings, and off-grid woodworking

Portable Vertical Sawmill

Engineered for mobility, portable vertical sawmills are lightweight, modular systems that can be transported directly to logging sites. Typically mounted on frames or trailers, these mills enable on-site processing, reducing transportation costs and log degradation.

Advantages

• High mobility and quick setup in remote locations
• Reduces need to transport heavy logs
• Operates on small engines, hydraulics, or manual power
• Ideal for small-scale loggers and landowners
• Cost-effective for limited production needs

Limitations

• Lower production capacity compared to stationary mills
• May require more frequent adjustments
• Cutting precision can vary with terrain
• Limited durability under continuous heavy use

Best for: Remote logging, small farms, disaster recovery operations, and DIY timber harvesting

Automatic Vertical Sawmill

Equipped with advanced automation technology, automatic vertical sawmills use motorized feeds, sensors, and computer controls to optimize cutting efficiency. These systems often integrate with measuring lasers or digital log scanners to maximize yield and minimize waste.

Advantages

• Maximum production efficiency and speed
• Precise, repeatable cuts with minimal human error
• Optimized lumber yield through intelligent scanning
• Reduced labor requirements
• Suitable for 24/7 industrial operations

Limitations

• High initial cost and technical complexity
• Requires skilled operators and IT support
• Vulnerable to software or sensor malfunctions
• Less flexible for non-standard or artistic cuts

Best for: Large industrial sawmills, export-grade timber production, and high-efficiency operations

Expert Tip: When selecting a vertical sawmill, consider not only the type of wood you're processing but also your production volume, available space, and power infrastructure. For example, pairing a portable mill with a solar-powered hydraulic system can be an eco-friendly solution for off-grid operations.

Understanding the differences between these vertical sawmill types allows woodworkers, loggers, and manufacturers to make informed decisions that align with their operational goals, budget, and quality standards. Whether prioritizing mobility, precision, or production volume, there is a vertical sawmill configuration suited to every need in the modern timber industry.

How to Choose the Right Vertical Saw Mill Wood: A Comprehensive Guide

Selecting the appropriate vertical saw mill for your wood processing needs is a critical decision that impacts efficiency, output quality, and long-term profitability. Whether you're operating a small-scale forestry business, managing a remote logging site, or running a commercial lumber operation, understanding the key factors in saw mill selection ensures optimal performance and return on investment.

This guide breaks down the essential considerations—from log handling and production capacity to mobility, budget, and advanced features—helping buyers make informed decisions tailored to their specific operational requirements.

Log Size and Wood Type Compatibility

Log Diameter and Length

The dimensions of the logs you plan to process are among the most important factors in selecting a vertical saw mill. Larger industrial models are engineered to accommodate logs exceeding 36 inches in diameter and lengths over 20 feet, making them ideal for heavy-duty commercial operations.

Conversely, manual and portable mills typically handle logs up to 24 inches in diameter and 12–16 feet in length. Exceeding these limits can strain the machine, reduce cut quality, and increase wear on critical components like guide bearings and blades.

Wood Species and Hardness

Different wood types—such as softwoods (pine, spruce) versus hardwoods (oak, maple, hickory)—require varying levels of cutting power and blade durability. Harder woods generate more resistance and heat during cutting, necessitating robust motors, high-tension blades, and efficient cooling systems.

Ensure the saw mill’s motor horsepower and blade type are compatible with the hardest species you expect to process. Some advanced vertical band saws come with variable speed controls to optimize performance across different wood densities.

Production Capacity and Efficiency

Matching the saw mill’s output capability to your production goals is essential for maximizing productivity and minimizing downtime.

Output Volume Requirements

For high-volume operations—such as commercial lumber yards or large-scale timber processing—vertical band saw mills with automated feed systems, powerful motors (30+ HP), and continuous-duty cycles are recommended. These models can produce hundreds or even thousands of board feet per day with minimal operator intervention.

In contrast, hobbyists, small landowners, or rural contractors may find stationary or manual saw mills sufficient for producing 50–200 board feet per day. These units are cost-effective and easier to maintain but require more hands-on operation.

Cutting Speed and Feed Rate

The cutting speed (measured in feet per minute) and feed rate (how quickly the log advances into the blade) directly influence throughput. High-performance mills offer adjustable feed rates and digital speed controls, allowing operators to fine-tune settings for optimal efficiency and blade life.

Faster feed rates increase output but may compromise cut quality if not matched with proper blade tension and motor power. Always review manufacturer specifications for maximum recommended feed speeds based on log size and wood type.

Mobility and Operational Flexibility

Where and how you plan to use the saw mill plays a major role in determining whether a portable or stationary model is best.

Portable Saw Mills

Designed for mobility, portable vertical saw mills are ideal for on-site logging, remote forest operations, or custom milling jobs at various locations. Mounted on trailers or skids, these units can be transported with a truck or ATV.

They are especially valuable for small-scale producers who need to process timber directly at the harvest site, reducing transportation costs and preserving wood quality. However, they may have lower production capacity and require more frequent maintenance due to rugged use.

Stationary Saw Mills

Fixed-location mills are built for stability, precision, and higher throughput. Installed in a dedicated workshop or mill yard, these systems often include conveyor feeds, automated log positioning, and integrated stacking systems.

They are best suited for established operations with consistent log supply and ample space. While less flexible in terms of location, stationary mills offer superior accuracy, durability, and long-term cost efficiency for high-volume producers.

Budget and Return on Investment (ROI)

Cost is a major consideration, but it should be evaluated in the context of long-term value and profitability.

When evaluating cost, consider not only the purchase price but also operating expenses (fuel, electricity, blades, maintenance), labor requirements, and potential revenue from finished lumber. A higher-priced mill with automation may offer better efficiency, lower labor costs, and faster processing, leading to greater long-term profits.

Special Features and Advanced Options

Modern vertical saw mills come equipped with a range of features designed to enhance precision, safety, and ease of operation. Choosing models with the right add-ons can significantly improve productivity and reduce physical strain.

Important: Always match your saw mill choice to your actual operational needs. Over-investing in a high-end mill for light use wastes capital, while under-specifying for heavy-duty work leads to breakdowns and lost productivity. Consult with manufacturers, review user feedback, and consider demo units before purchasing. Proper training, routine maintenance, and using OEM-recommended parts will ensure long-term reliability and safety.

Specifications and Maintenance of Vertical Sawmill

Operating a vertical band sawmill efficiently requires a thorough understanding of its key technical specifications and consistent adherence to maintenance best practices. Proper knowledge ensures optimal cutting performance, extends equipment lifespan, and enhances safety in wood processing operations. Whether used in small-scale milling or commercial timber production, maintaining your sawmill in peak condition is essential for consistent output and reduced downtime.

Blade Size and Configuration

The band saw blade is the heart of the vertical sawmill, directly influencing cut quality and efficiency. Blades vary significantly in dimensions to accommodate different log sizes and cutting requirements.

• Width: Ranges from 1 inch (ideal for precision cuts) to 3 inches (better for resawing thick logs with improved stability)
• Length: Typically between 7 and 10 feet, depending on the mill’s frame height and wheel diameter
• Teeth per inch (TPI): Lower TPI (2–3) suits hardwoods and thick cuts; higher TPI (4–6) is better for softwoods and finer finishes
• Material: High-carbon or bi-metal blades offer durability and resistance to fatigue under continuous use

Pro tip: Match blade width and TPI to the wood species and desired cut type for cleaner results and longer blade life.

Log Carriage and Feed System

The log carriage transports the log through the blade and plays a crucial role in cut accuracy and productivity.

• Powered by either hydraulic systems (offering smooth, variable speed control) or electric motors (providing consistent torque and energy efficiency)
• Equipped with adjustable clamps to secure logs of varying diameters
• May include digital feed controls for repeatable cuts and automated sequencing
• Roller beds or rails support long logs and reduce friction during movement

Key consideration: Hydraulic drives are preferred for heavy-duty applications due to superior force and control under load.

Cutting Capacity and Frame Design

Understanding the physical limits of your sawmill ensures safe and effective operation within design parameters.

• Maximum log diameter: Typically ranges from 24" to over 48", depending on throat depth and blade travel
• Maximum log length: Can extend from 8 feet to over 20 feet on industrial models
• Vertical cutting height: Determined by the distance between upper and lower wheels; critical for resawing thick slabs
• Frame construction: Heavy-duty steel frames provide rigidity, minimizing vibration and ensuring straight cuts even under heavy loads

Note: Overloading beyond rated capacity stresses components and increases safety risks.

Power Source and Drive Mechanism

The power system determines the sawmill’s performance, portability, and operational flexibility.

• Electric motors: Common in stationary mills; available in single-phase (110V/220V) or three-phase (industrial) configurations
• Hydraulic systems: Often powered by external hydraulic power units or integrated pumps; excellent for variable speed control
• Combination systems: Use electric motors to drive hydraulic pumps, offering precise control and high torque
• Portable options: Some models use gasoline engines for remote or off-grid operation

Efficiency tip: Electric drives are generally more energy-efficient and quieter than hydraulic or gas-powered alternatives.

Maintenance Guidelines for Optimal Performance

Regular maintenance is vital to ensure reliability, safety, and longevity of your vertical sawmill. A structured maintenance routine prevents costly breakdowns and maintains cutting precision.

Blade Care and Lubrication

The blade is the most critical wear component and requires consistent attention.

• Inspect blades regularly for signs of dullness, cracks, or tooth damage
• Sharpen or replace blades promptly to maintain clean cuts and reduce motor strain
• Apply a light coating of clean mineral oil or food-grade lubricant after use to prevent rust and corrosion
• Store spare blades in a dry, protected environment to avoid warping

Best practice: Keep a spare blade on hand to minimize downtime during sharpening cycles.

Cleaning and Debris Management

Accumulated sawdust and resin can impair function and pose fire hazards.

• Clean the entire machine—especially the wheels, guides, and track system—after each use
• Use compressed air or a vacuum to remove fine dust from hard-to-reach areas
• Clear sawdust from electrical enclosures and motor vents to prevent overheating
• Install dust collection systems where possible to improve shop cleanliness and air quality

Safety note: Dry sawdust is highly flammable—regular cleaning reduces fire risk significantly.

Lubrication and Moving Parts

Proper lubrication reduces friction, wear, and mechanical failure.

• Lubricate guide blocks, bearings, and carriage rails with high-quality machine oil or grease
• Follow the manufacturer’s recommendations for lubricant type and application frequency
• Check for dry or noisy components, which may indicate insufficient lubrication
• Use non-detergent oils for blade wheels to avoid attracting dust

Maintenance tip: Create a lubrication schedule based on operating hours for consistent upkeep.

Inspection and Alignment

Preventive inspections catch issues before they lead to major repairs.

• Conduct weekly checks for hydraulic leaks, loose bolts, worn belts, or frayed wiring
• Inspect structural components for cracks or fatigue, especially in high-stress areas
• Align the blade every 3–6 months or after blade changes using a dedicated alignment tool
• Ensure the blade runs true between wheels without wobbling or drifting
• Verify that motor mounts and drive belts are secure and properly tensioned

Precision tip: Misalignment causes crooked cuts and accelerates blade wear—regular checks preserve accuracy.

Motor and Hydraulic System Maintenance

The power system requires scheduled servicing to maintain peak performance.

• For electric motors: Check for overheating, unusual noises, or worn brushes; clean cooling fins regularly
• For hydraulic systems: Monitor fluid levels, inspect hoses for bulges or leaks, and change filters per manufacturer guidelines
• Replace hydraulic fluid annually or after 1,000 operating hours to prevent contamination and wear
• Test pressure relief valves and ensure all connections are tight and secure

Longevity tip: Well-maintained motors and pumps can last decades with minimal issues.

Storage and Off-Season Care

Proper storage protects your investment during periods of inactivity.

• Store the sawmill indoors or under a weatherproof cover to prevent rust
• Drain hydraulic systems or add stabilizer if storing for extended periods
• Relieve tension on the blade to prevent set or deformation
• Apply corrosion inhibitor to exposed metal surfaces

Seasonal reminder: Perform a full system check before restarting after storage.

Professional Recommendation: Develop a comprehensive maintenance log to track inspections, lubrication, blade changes, and repairs. This not only ensures consistency but also helps identify recurring issues early. For commercial operations, consider investing in OEM service contracts or training for in-house technicians to minimize downtime and maintain warranty coverage.

Additional Best Practices

• Operator Training: Ensure all users understand proper startup, operation, and shutdown procedures to prevent misuse
• Spare Parts Inventory: Keep critical spares like blades, guide blocks, belts, and seals on hand to reduce downtime
• Vibration Monitoring: Excessive vibration may indicate misalignment, unbalanced wheels, or bearing failure—address immediately
• Noise Levels: Unusual sounds (squealing, grinding) often signal mechanical problems needing attention
• Manufacturer Manuals: Always refer to OEM documentation for model-specific torque specs, lubricants, and service intervals

Scenarios of Vertical Sawmill Applications

Vertical sawmills are versatile, efficient, and widely adopted across a broad spectrum of industries—from large-scale commercial timber operations to niche artisanal woodworking. Their unique design allows for precise, straight cuts and efficient log processing, making them ideal for a variety of applications. Whether fixed, mobile, or automated, vertical sawmills offer unmatched flexibility in converting raw logs into high-value lumber. This guide explores the key use cases, benefits, and real-world applications of vertical sawmills in modern wood processing.

Safety Note: Always follow manufacturer guidelines and wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) such as safety goggles, hearing protection, gloves, and steel-toed boots when operating vertical sawmills. Ensure equipment is properly maintained and inspected before use.

Lumber Production in Commercial Sawmills

The primary and most widespread application of vertical sawmills is in commercial lumber production. These mills are engineered to transform raw logs into standardized dimensional lumber used extensively in residential and commercial construction projects. Their vertical orientation allows gravity to assist in log feeding, improving efficiency and reducing mechanical strain.

Equipped with precision-guided blades—often vertical band saws—these mills deliver clean, consistent cuts that minimize waste and maximize yield. The resulting lumber meets strict industry standards for thickness, straightness, and surface quality, making it ideal for framing, decking, flooring, and structural applications.

• High throughput suitable for large-scale timber operations
• Produces uniform, code-compliant lumber for construction
• Reduces kerf loss compared to circular saws, increasing material efficiency
• Often integrated into automated production lines with log feeding and stacking systems

Custom Milling for Specialty Wood Products

For small businesses, independent woodworkers, and furniture makers, manual or semi-automatic vertical sawmills provide the flexibility needed for custom milling. Unlike mass-production setups, these mills allow artisans to work with unique log sizes, rare wood species, and non-standard dimensions required for bespoke furniture, cabinetry, and decorative woodwork.

Hand-operated or portable vertical sawmills enable woodworkers to process logs on-demand, preserving the natural character of the wood—such as live edges, knots, and grain patterns—while achieving precise thickness and width. This level of control is essential for crafting high-end, one-of-a-kind pieces.

• Enables custom thicknesses and widths beyond standard lumber sizes
• Ideal for exotic or locally sourced hardwoods
• Supports sustainable, small-batch production with minimal waste
• Empowers local artisans and small-scale entrepreneurs

Mobile Sawing for Rural and Remote Projects

In rural, forested, or remote areas, transporting large logs to centralized sawmills can be logistically challenging and cost-prohibitive. Portable vertical sawmills solve this problem by bringing the milling capability directly to the logging site. These compact, often trailer-mounted units are powered by gasoline or diesel engines and can be set up quickly in the field.

Mobile sawing reduces transportation costs, minimizes log degradation during transit, and supports sustainable forestry practices by enabling selective harvesting. It's particularly valuable for landowners, farmers, and small logging contractors who manage their own timber resources.

• Eliminates the need to haul heavy logs over long distances
• Cost-effective for small to medium-scale logging operations
• Enables on-site processing for immediate use or local sale
• Supports disaster recovery efforts (e.g., storm-damaged trees)

Timber Framing and Specialty Industries

Vertical sawmills play a crucial role in timber framing and industries requiring specialty wood products such as veneer, plywood, and laminated beams. These applications demand high precision, consistent thickness, and minimal waste—all of which are strengths of automatic vertical band sawmills.

In timber framing, large structural beams must be cut to exact specifications to ensure structural integrity and aesthetic appeal. Vertical sawmills deliver the accuracy needed for mortise-and-tenon joints and complex joinery. Similarly, in plywood manufacturing, thin, uniform sheets are produced using specialized multi-blade vertical saws or band resaws that can slice veneers with minimal deviation.

• Produces large-section timbers for post-and-beam construction
• Enables precise cutting for joinery and structural components
• Used in veneer peeling and slicing operations for engineered wood products
• Supports high-volume production with automated feed systems

Salvage Wood Processing and Reclaimed Lumber

Vertical sawmills are increasingly used in the processing of reclaimed or salvage wood from demolished buildings, old barns, and urban trees. These logs often have irregular shapes, embedded nails, or weathered surfaces, making them difficult to process with conventional equipment. However, the design of vertical band saws allows for careful, controlled cutting around defects and contaminants.

Reclaimed lumber is highly valued in eco-conscious construction and interior design for its character, durability, and sustainability. Vertical sawmills make it feasible to recover usable timber from otherwise wasted material, contributing to circular economy practices in the wood industry.

The narrow kerf and sharp blades of band saws minimize material loss, even when cutting through dented, twisted, or partially decayed logs. This efficiency makes vertical sawmills indispensable in urban lumber recovery operations.

• Processes irregular and damaged logs with precision
• Recovers high-quality lumber from demolition sites
• Supports sustainable building and green certification projects
• Reduces landfill waste from construction and demolition debris

Quality Control and Research Applications

Beyond production, vertical sawmills serve important roles in quality control, forestry research, and resource management. Specialized units like the QMobile Vertical Sawmill are used by researchers, foresters, and inspectors to extract core samples or cross-sectional cuts from logs to assess wood quality, growth patterns, pest infestations, or disease presence.

These test cuts help determine the structural integrity of timber stands, evaluate the impact of environmental stressors, and inform sustainable harvesting practices. In industrial settings, QC teams use small-scale vertical saws to inspect incoming logs for defects before full-scale processing, ensuring only high-grade material enters the production line.

• Enables non-destructive evaluation of log health and quality
• Used in forest management and ecological studies
• Helps identify insect damage, rot, or growth anomalies
• Supports data-driven decisions in sustainable forestry

Expert Tip: When selecting a vertical sawmill for any application, consider blade type (band vs. circular), power source (electric, hydraulic, or gas), automation level, and portability. Matching the mill to your specific operational needs ensures optimal performance, safety, and return on investment.

Additional Considerations and Best Practices

• Regularly inspect and maintain blades to ensure clean, accurate cuts
• Use sharp, high-tension band saw blades for best results in hardwoods
• Keep logs properly stored and dried before milling to prevent warping
• Invest in safety guards, emergency stops, and dust extraction systems
• Train operators thoroughly on feed rates, log positioning, and maintenance
• Document yields and waste ratios to improve efficiency over time

Vertical sawmills continue to evolve with advancements in automation, blade technology, and sustainability. Their adaptability across industries—from industrial manufacturing to eco-conscious woodworking—makes them a cornerstone of modern wood processing. Whether you're building homes, crafting furniture, or managing forest resources, a vertical sawmill can significantly enhance productivity, precision, and environmental responsibility.

Frequently Asked Questions About Vertical Sawmills

Vertical and horizontal band saws are designed for different cutting applications, particularly in metal and wood processing. The key difference lies in the orientation and movement of the blade and workpiece:

• Vertical Band Saw: The blade is mounted vertically, and the material is fed upward into the blade. This setup allows for greater precision and control, especially when making intricate or angled cuts. It's commonly used in metalworking and precision woodworking.
• Horizontal Band Saw: The blade is positioned horizontally and typically moves downward to cut through the material, which is held stationary. This design is ideal for batch cutting long stock such as metal bars, pipes, or logs, offering efficiency and repeatability.

Because the vertical saw allows for operator-controlled feed and directional movement, it generally provides higher accuracy compared to the horizontal model, which excels in speed and consistency for straight, repetitive cuts.

Vertical sawmills are highly versatile and can effectively process a wide range of wood types—from softwoods like pine and cedar to dense hardwoods such as oak, maple, cherry, and walnut. Their universal design makes them suitable for various lumbering needs.

However, there are important considerations based on wood type:

• Softwoods: Easier to cut and place less strain on the blade and motor. Ideal for beginners or high-volume operations.
• Hardwoods: Denser and more abrasive, requiring sharper, durable blades (such as carbide-tipped) and increased power to maintain clean, efficient cuts.

For optimal performance with hardwoods, a vertical sawmill equipped with a hydrostatic transmission system is recommended. This allows for variable cutting speeds and smooth feed control, adapting to the resistance of dense timber and reducing blade wear.

Vertical sawmills are primarily engineered for processing straight, stable logs to produce uniform, dimensional lumber. They are not well-suited for handling significantly uneven, warped, or severely curved logs due to the following limitations:

• Cut Consistency: Curved logs can cause binding or irregular feed, leading to uneven boards or blade deflection.
• Safety Concerns: Irregular shapes increase the risk of kickback or log slippage during cutting.
• Machine Stress: Twisted or off-center logs place uneven pressure on the blade and guide system, accelerating wear.

For irregular or low-grade logs, alternative equipment such as portable band mills or circular sawmills may be more appropriate. These models often offer greater flexibility in log positioning and can accommodate non-uniform shapes more safely.

Blade replacement frequency depends on several factors, including:

• Wood Type: Hardwoods and resinous woods dull blades faster than softwoods.
• Log Condition: Dirty, sandy, or contaminated logs (e.g., from the forest floor) accelerate blade wear.
• Usage Volume: High-production operations may require blade changes every few weeks, while hobbyists might only need replacement every few months.
• Blade Quality: High-carbon or bi-metal blades last longer than standard steel blades.

As a general guideline:

Regular inspection for dullness, chipped teeth, or excessive vibration is crucial. Timely sharpening or replacement ensures clean cuts and extends the life of your sawmill.

Absolutely! While industrial vertical sawmills are built for high-volume production, there are several models tailored for small-scale operations, DIY enthusiasts, and custom woodworkers:

• Manual Vertical Sawmills: Operated by hand-crank or lever systems, these are affordable and ideal for occasional use. They offer excellent control for crafting specialty lumber or reclaiming timber from fallen trees.
• Portable Vertical Band Mills: Compact, lightweight, and often powered by gasoline engines or electric motors. These can be transported to the logging site, reducing the need to move heavy logs.
• Mini Industrial Mills: Small-footprint models with motorized feed systems, perfect for homesteaders or small woodworking shops needing consistent output without full-scale infrastructure.

These mills are particularly valuable for:

• Creating custom-sized boards not available commercially
• Processing locally sourced or reclaimed wood
• Educational or craft-based woodworking projects

When choosing a mill for hobbyist use, prioritize ease of setup, safety features, and compatibility with your power source (electric, gas, or manual).