CommercialToolry
Bark Decoration Glass Candle Holder: Key Standards, Physical Properties, and Engineering Applications

Bark Decoration Glass Candle Holder: Key Standards, Physical Properties, and Engineering Applications

Types of Glass Candle Holders

Glass candle holders are both functional and decorative elements that enhance the ambiance of any space. They protect surfaces from wax and heat, stabilize candles, and amplify the glow of the flame through light refraction. Available in a wide range of styles, sizes, and designs, glass candle holders are ideal for home décor, events, religious ceremonies, and outdoor use. Below is a detailed breakdown of the most common types.

Tealight Glass Holder

Designed specifically for small tealight candles (typically 1.5 inches in diameter and 0.75 inches tall), these holders provide a secure base and enhance the candle’s soft, flickering glow.

Advantages
  • Perfect fit for standard tealights
  • Amplifies flame visibility and warmth
  • Available in endless styles—modern, vintage, colored, or etched
  • Ideal for tablescapes, bathrooms, and accent lighting
Limitations
  • Limited to small candle size
  • May require frequent replacement with short-burn tealights
  • Thin glass can be fragile if mishandled

Best for: Ambient lighting, decorative clusters, bathroom vanities, and event centerpieces

Votive Glass Holder

Built to accommodate votive candles (usually 2–3 inches tall and 1.5 inches wide), these holders contain melting wax and support the candle as it liquefies, ensuring a clean and safe burn.

Advantages
  • Contains melted wax, preventing spills
  • Supports full burn cycle of votive candles
  • Often reusable and easy to clean
  • Enhances flame glow with reflective glass
Limitations
  • Wax residue can be difficult to remove without soaking
  • Must match holder size to candle diameter
  • Some designs may block airflow, affecting flame stability

Best for: Dinner tables, religious settings, weddings, and cozy indoor atmospheres

Pillar Glass Holder

These sturdy holders are designed to support thick pillar candles, which can range from 3 to 4+ inches in diameter and up to 12 inches in height. They offer stability and protection while showcasing the candle’s form.

Advantages
  • Provides excellent stability for tall, heavy candles
  • Protects surfaces from hot wax and heat damage
  • Available in elegant designs—fluted, engraved, or tinted glass
  • Suitable for long-burning decorative displays
Limitations
  • Bulkier and heavier than other holders
  • Limited portability due to size
  • May require deep or wide bases for larger candles

Best for: Centerpieces, mantels, entryways, and formal décor

Hurricane Glass Holder

Characterized by a tall, cylindrical or dome-shaped design, hurricane holders enclose the candle to shield the flame from drafts while intensifying the ambient glow.

Advantages
  • Protects flame from wind and air currents
  • Amplifies light and creates a dramatic visual effect
  • Ideal for outdoor or high-traffic areas
  • Often used with multi-wick or pillar candles
Limitations
  • Poor ventilation can cause soot buildup
  • Requires careful monitoring during use
  • Larger size takes up more space

Best for: Patios, dining tables, outdoor events, and drafty interiors

Set of 2/3/4 Glass Holders

Coordinated sets offer multiple holders in matching style, enabling symmetrical arrangements and unified décor themes across rooms or events.

Advantages
  • Creates a cohesive and stylish look
  • Perfect for tablescapes and centerpieces
  • Cost-effective compared to buying individually
  • Versatile for layering with different candle types
Limitations
  • Less flexibility in mixing designs
  • Storage can be challenging due to quantity
  • May not suit all candle sizes unless adjustable

Best for: Weddings, holidays, dining tables, and home styling projects

Type Candle Compatibility Primary Use Durability Design Flexibility
Tealight Holder Tealight (1.5" diameter) Ambient lighting, accents Moderate High – wide variety of styles
Votive Holder Votive (1.5"–2" diameter) Indoor décor, ceremonies High – reusable and sturdy Medium – standard shapes dominate
Pillar Holder Pillar (3"–4"+ diameter) Centerpieces, statement décor Very High – robust construction Medium to High – ornate options available
Hurricane Holder Pillar, 3-wick, votive Outdoor/indoor protected lighting High – thick glass construction Medium – functional design focus
Set of 2/3/4 Holders Varies (tealight, votive, pillar) Coordinated décor, events Depends on type High – uniform aesthetic

Expert Tip: To easily remove hardened wax from glass holders, place them in the freezer for 1–2 hours. The wax will contract and pop out effortlessly. Alternatively, fill with hot water after the candle has burned down to loosen residue.

Designs of Glass Candle Holders: Styles, Features & Interior Applications

Glass candle holders are more than just functional accessories—they serve as elegant design elements that enhance ambiance, reflect personal style, and elevate interior decor. From timeless classics to bold contemporary statements, the variety of glass candle holder designs allows for endless creative expression in homes, events, and commercial spaces. Below is a comprehensive guide to the most popular types, their defining characteristics, visual effects, and ideal settings.

Types of Glass Candle Holders

Classic Glass Candle Holder

Defined by clean lines and understated elegance, the classic glass candle holder emphasizes simplicity and functionality. Typically crafted from clear, transparent glass, these holders feature smooth, geometric shapes—such as cylinders, cubes, or tapered columns—that allow the candle flame to take center stage without visual competition.

Due to their neutral aesthetic, classic holders blend seamlessly into a wide range of interior styles, including traditional, farmhouse, and Scandinavian. Their minimalist appeal makes them ideal for grouping in clusters or arranging along dining tables, mantels, or entryways to create a warm, cohesive glow without overwhelming the space.

Modern Glass Candle Holder

Reflecting contemporary design principles, modern glass candle holders embrace innovation in form and material. These pieces often feature bold geometric silhouettes, asymmetrical structures, or sculptural elements made from frosted, smoked, or colored glass. Some incorporate metallic accents or layered glass for added depth.

Designed to be focal points, modern holders serve as artistic accent pieces in minimalist or high-end interiors. Their striking appearance draws attention and complements sleek furniture, monochrome palettes, and open-concept living spaces. Whether displayed individually or in curated arrangements, they add sophistication and a sense of curated luxury.

Rustic Glass Candle Holder

Rustic glass candle holders combine handcrafted charm with natural materials to evoke warmth and coziness. The glass itself often features organic imperfections—such as bubbles, ripples, or uneven textures—that enhance their artisanal appeal. Many designs integrate complementary elements like reclaimed wood bases, iron frames, jute wrapping, or driftwood accents.

Perfect for country cottages, shabby chic spaces, or industrial lofts, these holders bring a tactile, earthy quality to interiors. Their irregular surfaces diffuse candlelight softly, creating an inviting, intimate atmosphere ideal for lounges, patios, or seasonal decor like autumn or holiday displays.

Cut Glass Candle Holder

Renowned for their brilliance and craftsmanship, cut glass candle holders are adorned with intricate patterns meticulously etched or hand-carved into the surface. Designs range from simple linear grooves to elaborate motifs such as diamonds, florals, or Art Deco-inspired geometrics.

When illuminated, the prismatic facets refract and scatter light, casting shimmering reflections and dramatic shadows across walls and ceilings. This luminous effect adds a touch of opulence and drama, making cut glass holders a favorite for formal dining rooms, weddings, holiday gatherings, and upscale events. Available in both vintage reproductions and modern interpretations, they blend timeless elegance with functional artistry.

Antique Glass Candle Holder

Antique glass candle holders evoke a sense of history and nostalgia, often inspired by 18th and 19th-century designs. These pieces may feature aged finishes, delicate etchings, patinaed metal components, or subtle cracks that speak to their vintage character. Common forms include ornate candelabras, wall-mounted sconces, and pedestal-style holders with gilded detailing.

Ideal for traditional, Victorian, or heritage-inspired interiors, antique holders contribute to a layered, curated aesthetic. They work beautifully in libraries, dining rooms, or entry halls, where their aged beauty enhances architectural details and adds a storytelling element to the decor. Reproduction antiques offer the same charm with improved durability and safety standards.

Design Type Material & Finish Best Interior Style Lighting Effect
Classic Clear, smooth glass Traditional, Minimalist, Farmhouse Soft, even glow; flame-focused
Modern Frosted, colored, or textured glass; geometric cuts Contemporary, Urban, Luxury Directional light; sculptural shadows
Rustic Hand-blown glass with bubbles; wood/metal accents Country, Shabby Chic, Industrial Warm, diffused, ambient light
Cut Glass Precision-cut patterns; clear or tinted Formal, Elegant, Vintage Glamour Sparkling reflections; dramatic refractions
Antique Aged glass; etched or gilded details Traditional, Victorian, Heritage Soft, nostalgic, atmospheric glow

Choosing the Right Glass Candle Holder

  • Consider the Setting: Match the holder’s style to your room’s decor—classic for timeless appeal, modern for bold statements, rustic for warmth, cut glass for elegance, and antique for historical charm.
  • Think About Grouping: Classic and rustic holders work well in multiples, creating a harmonious spread. Modern and cut glass holders often shine as standalone centerpieces.
  • Lighting Impact: Evaluate how the glass interacts with candlelight. Textured or cut surfaces enhance visual interest, while clear glass emphasizes flame purity.
  • Safety & Stability: Ensure the holder is stable and made from heat-resistant glass, especially for tea lights or votives. Avoid placing near flammable materials.
  • Maintenance: Smooth glass is easiest to clean; textured or cut surfaces may require gentle wiping to preserve details and prevent dust buildup.
  • Important: Always place glass candle holders on heat-resistant surfaces and keep them away from drafts, children, and pets. Never leave burning candles unattended. For long-term use, consider LED flameless candles, which offer the same ambiance without fire risk—especially suitable for antique or delicate holders.

    How to Choose a Glass Candle Holder

    Selecting the perfect glass candle holder goes beyond mere aesthetics—it's about creating ambiance, ensuring safety, and complementing your space with thoughtful design. Whether you're choosing for everyday use, special occasions, or as a decorative accent, understanding the key factors will help you make an informed and stylish decision. Below are the essential considerations to guide your selection.

    Material & Glass Type

    Glass candle holders come in a variety of materials and finishes, each contributing uniquely to the atmosphere of a room. The type of glass affects both visual appeal and light diffusion.

    • Clear glass is timeless and versatile, allowing full visibility of the candle and maximizing light reflection—ideal for minimalist or modern interiors.
    • Frosted or fumed glass softens the candlelight, creating a warm, diffused glow that adds intimacy and elegance to spaces like bedrooms or dining areas.
    • Colored glass (such as amber, cobalt, or emerald) introduces a vibrant accent and can enhance seasonal or themed decor.
    • Engraved or textured glass adds depth and dimension, casting beautiful shadow patterns when lit—perfect for statement pieces or centerpieces.

    Design tip: Match the glass finish to your room’s lighting needs—clear for brightness, frosted for warmth.

    Size & Candle Compatibility

    Choosing the right size ensures both safety and visual harmony. A well-fitted candle prevents wobbling and reduces fire hazards while enhancing the overall look.

    • Tealights require small, shallow holders with snug openings to keep the metal cup secure.
    • Votive candles need slightly taller containers that allow the wax to pool safely while maintaining structural support.
    • Pillar candles should sit firmly in wide, stable bases that can accommodate their diameter and weight without tipping.
    • Taper candles require snug-fitting sockets or sleeves to hold the candle upright and prevent wax dripping down the sides.

    Pro tip: Always measure your candle before purchasing a holder—ensure at least ¼ inch clearance around the sides for even burning.

    Style & Design Aesthetic

    The style of the glass candle holder should align with your interior design theme and personal taste, whether functional or decorative.

    • Modern/contemporary styles feature clean lines, geometric shapes, and often clear or smoked glass—ideal for sleek living rooms or offices.
    • Vintage or antique-inspired holders may include etched details, ornate patterns, or colored glass, adding charm to traditional or rustic spaces.
    • Rustic or farmhouse designs often incorporate mason jars, recycled glass, or wire accents, perfect for casual or outdoor settings.
    • Luxury or statement pieces like crystal-cut or hand-blown glass elevate formal events or serve as focal points in elegant decor.

    Interior insight: Use candle holders to tie together color schemes or textures in your room for a cohesive look.

    Functionality & Safety Features

    Beyond beauty, functionality and safety are paramount—especially in homes with children, pets, or high-traffic areas.

    • Look for holders with a wide, weighted base to prevent tipping and ensure stability on uneven surfaces.
    • Choose designs with a drip tray or reservoir to catch melting wax and protect surfaces from stains.
    • For outdoor or drafty areas, consider hurricane or enclosed glass holders that shield the flame from wind while enhancing ambiance.
    • Easy access to the candle is important—avoid overly narrow or deep holders that make lighting or replacement difficult.
    • Heat-resistant borosilicate glass is recommended for long burn times to prevent cracking.

    Safety first: Never leave burning candles unattended, and place holders away from curtains, paper, or flammable materials.

    Expert Recommendation: For everyday use, opt for durable, easy-to-clean glass holders in neutral tones that blend with any decor. For special occasions, invest in artistic or illuminated designs that double as decorative centerpieces. Always prioritize stability and proper fit—function should never be sacrificed for form when it comes to open flames.

    Candle Type Recommended Holder Style Key Features Ideal Use Case
    Tealight Small cup or dish Shallow depth, non-slip base Table settings, floating candles, grouped arrangements
    Votive Tapered glass cylinder Heat-resistant, drip containment Centerpieces, mantels, religious displays
    Pillar Wide bowl or pedestal Stable base, ample clearance Foyers, outdoor patios, statement decor
    Taper Sleeve or sconce Snug fit, drip groove Dining tables, weddings, formal events

    Additional Considerations

    • Placement: Group holders in odd numbers (3 or 5) for visual balance, or use varying heights for dynamic layering.
    • Cleaning & Maintenance: Choose smooth, non-porous glass that resists soot and can be easily wiped or washed.
    • Eco-Friendly Options: Recycled glass holders support sustainability and often feature unique textures and hues.
    • Multifunctional Use: Some glass holders can double as small vases, succulent planters, or spice jars when not in use.
    • Light Enhancement: Pair with LED flameless candles for a safe, long-lasting glow in high-traffic or child-friendly areas.

    Maintenance and Repair of Glass Candle Holders: A Complete Care Guide

    Proper care of glass candle holders ensures they remain beautiful, functional, and safe for long-term use. Whether you own delicate hand-blown pieces or simple molded designs, understanding how to clean, repair, and store them properly can significantly extend their lifespan. This comprehensive guide covers essential maintenance, repair techniques, preventive measures, and storage best practices to keep your glass candle holders in pristine condition.

    Safety Note: Always allow glass candle holders to cool completely before handling or cleaning. Never pour cold water into a hot glass container, as thermal shock can cause sudden cracking or shattering.

    1. Maintenance: Keeping Your Glass Candle Holders Clean and Clear

    Regular cleaning is essential to preserve the clarity and aesthetic appeal of glass candle holders. Over time, wax buildup, fingerprints, dust, and soot can dull the surface and diminish light transmission, especially in multi-candle arrangements.

    • Basic Cleaning Process: Wash the holder with warm water and a mild dish soap using a soft sponge or cloth. For stubborn wax residue, fill the holder with hot (not boiling) water and let it sit for 10–15 minutes to soften the wax before gently removing it with a plastic scraper or soft cloth.
    • Alternative Cleaning Methods: Use a commercial glass cleaner for a streak-free shine, especially on polished or decorative surfaces. Avoid ammonia-based cleaners on coated or painted glass, as they may damage the finish.
    • Drying: After rinsing thoroughly with clean water, dry the holder with a lint-free microfiber cloth to prevent water spots and streaks.
    • Frequency: Clean holders after every few uses or at least monthly if used regularly. Frequent cleaning prevents hardened wax layers and soot accumulation, which become harder to remove over time.

    Pro Tip: Place a small amount of salt in the bottom of the holder before adding water—it acts as a gentle abrasive to help dislodge wax without scratching the glass.

    2. Repair: Fixing Cracked or Chipped Glass Candle Holders

    Unlike metal or ceramic holders, glass is more fragile and challenging to repair. However, minor chips or cracks can often be restored with the right materials and techniques, especially if the structural integrity isn't severely compromised.

    • Assess the Damage: Small chips or hairline cracks may be repairable, but deep fractures or shattered pieces are typically beyond safe restoration.
    • Choose the Right Adhesive: Use a high-quality clear epoxy resin or cyanoacrylate (super glue) specifically formulated for glass. These provide strong, transparent bonds that minimize visual disruption.
    • Application Technique: Clean both broken surfaces thoroughly with rubbing alcohol. Apply a thin, even layer of adhesive and press the pieces together firmly. Wipe away excess glue immediately with a cotton swab before it dries.
    • Curing Time: Allow the adhesive to cure fully according to the manufacturer’s instructions—usually 24 hours—for maximum strength.
    • Post-Repair Use: Repaired holders should only be used with LED or flameless candles. Avoid placing real candles in repaired glassware, as heat and flame can weaken the bond and pose a safety risk.

    Caution: Do not attempt to repair heavily damaged or structurally compromised glass holders. The risk of breakage during use is too high, potentially leading to fire hazards or injury.

    3. Prevention: How to Avoid Damage and Extend Lifespan

    Preventive care is the most effective way to maintain the integrity of glass candle holders. Simple habits can prevent chipping, cracking, and thermal stress.

    • Safe Handling: Always handle glass holders with clean, dry hands to avoid slips. Support the base when moving, rather than gripping the rim.
    • Proper Candle Placement: Center the candle securely to prevent tipping. Avoid overfilling with wax, which can overflow and create uneven pressure on the glass.
    • Use a Candle Snuffer: Extinguish flames with a snuffer instead of blowing, which can cause hot wax to splatter and stress the glass.
    • Avoid Thermal Shock: Never place a cold glass holder directly into a warm environment or expose it to sudden temperature changes. Similarly, avoid placing it near heaters, air conditioners, or drafty windows.
    • Protect from Impacts: Keep holders away from high-traffic areas and out of reach of children or pets to prevent accidental knocks.

    4. Storage: Protecting Glass Candle Holders When Not in Use

    Improper storage is a leading cause of damage to glass candle holders. Dust accumulation, moisture, and physical contact can all degrade their condition over time.

    • Clean Before Storing: Always clean and completely dry holders before putting them away to prevent mold, odors, or residue buildup.
    • Use Protective Coverings: Store in a dust-free cabinet or wrap individually in acid-free tissue paper. For long-term storage, use breathable fabric bags or original boxes.
    • Cushion Tall or Delicate Pieces: Wrap taller or intricately shaped holders in bubble wrap or foam padding. Place them upright in a sturdy container to prevent tipping.
    • Prevent Contact: Store holders separately or with soft dividers to avoid scratching or chipping from contact with other items.
    • Climate Control: Keep in a cool, dry place with stable temperature and humidity levels to prevent condensation or thermal stress.
    Care Stage Key Actions Recommended Materials Common Mistakes to Avoid
    Maintenance Regular washing, wax removal, drying Mild soap, microfiber cloth, warm water Using abrasive scrubbers, skipping drying
    Repair Gluing chips/cracks, curing, inspection Glass epoxy, super glue, rubbing alcohol Using weak adhesives, applying too much glue
    Prevention Safe handling, snuffing flames, avoiding shocks Candle snuffer, stable surfaces Blowing out candles, placing near vents
    Storage Cleaning, wrapping, cushioning, organizing Bubble wrap, storage boxes, tissue paper Stacking loosely, storing in damp areas

    Expert Tip: Label your storage containers with the type and size of candle holder inside. This makes retrieval easier and reduces unnecessary handling that could lead to damage.

    Final Recommendations for Long-Term Care

    • Inspect holders regularly for signs of wear, cloudiness, or micro-cracks.
    • Rotate usage among multiple holders to reduce wear on any single piece.
    • Consider using LED candles for daily ambiance to minimize heat exposure and wax mess.
    • For valuable or antique glassware, consult a professional restorer for significant damage.
    • Keep a small repair kit with glass-safe adhesive, cotton swabs, and cleaning cloths for quick fixes.

    With thoughtful care, your glass candle holders can remain a beautiful part of your home decor for years. By following these maintenance, repair, prevention, and storage guidelines, you protect both their appearance and functionality. Remember: when in doubt about a repair or cleaning method, prioritize safety and consult a specialist to preserve both the piece and your peace of mind.

    Frequently Asked Questions About Glass Candle Holders

    Q1: What are glass candle holders used for?

    Glass candle holders serve multiple functional and aesthetic purposes in both home and event settings. Primarily, they provide a stable and safe base for candles, containing melted wax and reducing the risk of spills or fire hazards. Their transparent design allows light to radiate evenly, creating a soft, ambient glow that enhances the mood of any space—ideal for dining tables, bathrooms, patios, or decorative displays.

    Beyond safety and ambiance, glass holders protect the flame from drafts and air currents, especially important for outdoor use or in breezy indoor areas. Available in a wide range of styles—such as hurricane jars, votive cups, lanterns, and tealight containers—glass candle holders blend seamlessly with various décor themes, from minimalist modern to rustic or romantic.

    Q2: Can I put a candle directly on a glass holder?

    In most cases, placing a candle directly on a flat glass surface is not advisable unless the holder is specifically designed for that purpose. For example, pillar candle holders often feature a raised platform or indentation that securely holds the candle above the base, preventing direct contact and allowing wax to pool safely within a designated area.

    If a candle is placed on a flat or smooth glass surface without proper containment:

    • Wax Spillage: Melted wax can spread across the glass and drip onto surfaces below, causing stains or damage.
    • Instability: The candle may shift or tip over as the base softens, increasing fire risk.
    • Thermal Stress: Uneven heating may cause the glass to crack due to temperature differentials.

    To ensure safety and longevity, always match your candle type (pillar, votive, tealight) with a compatible glass holder that includes a secure, heat-resistant base designed to catch wax and stabilize the flame.

    Q3: Are glass candle holders flame resistant?

    Yes, most glass candle holders are made from heat-resistant materials such as tempered or borosilicate glass, which are designed to withstand high temperatures and act as a protective barrier between the flame and surrounding surfaces. This makes them flame-resistant and significantly safer than placing candles directly on wood, fabric, or plastic.

    However, there are important limitations to consider:

    • Thin or Decorative Glass: Some ornamental holders made from thin or non-tempered glass may not handle prolonged heat exposure well and could crack or shatter.
    • Heat Transfer: Even flame-resistant glass can become very hot during extended use, potentially damaging delicate surfaces like polished wood or laminate if not placed on a trivet or coaster.
    • Candle Size: Using a candle that’s too large for the holder increases heat concentration and the risk of thermal stress.

    For optimal safety, always use appropriately sized candles, never leave burning candles unattended, and place glass holders on non-flammable, heat-resistant surfaces.

    Q4: How can I stop my candle from melting only at its center?

    When a candle melts only in the center while leaving wax along the edges—a phenomenon known as "tunneling"—it reduces burn time and efficiency. This typically occurs due to improper initial burns or wick issues. Here’s how to prevent and correct it:

    • Trim the Wick: Always trim the wick to about ¼ to ½ inch (6–12 mm) before each lighting. A too-long wick creates a larger flame that burns down the center too quickly.
    • First Burn is Crucial: On the first use, allow the candle to burn long enough for the entire top layer of wax to liquefy—usually one hour per inch of diameter. This establishes a "memory" and prevents tunneling in future uses.
    • Avoid Drafts: Air currents cause uneven melting. Place the candle in a still area away from vents, fans, or open windows.
    • Use Proper Holders: Ensure the holder allows adequate airflow around the candle but doesn’t cool one side more than another. Avoid overly deep or narrow containers that restrict heat distribution.
    • Rotate Occasionally: If the candle is in a container, gently rotating it during burning can promote even heat distribution (only when safe to do so).

    For candles already tunneling, you can carefully use a hairdryer or warm spoon to melt the edges and level the wax surface before relighting.

    Q5: What’s the difference between a tealight and a votive candle?

    Tealights and votive candles are both popular for decorative and functional use, but they differ significantly in size, burn time, and intended use. Understanding these differences helps you choose the right candle and holder for your needs.

    Feature Tealight Candle Votive Candle
    Size Approximately 1.5 inches in diameter and 0.75 inches tall. About 2 inches in diameter and 2–3 inches tall.
    Container Housed in a small metal or plastic cup for stability and heat resistance. Poured directly into a heat-resistant glass or metal holder; designed to melt completely and form a solid wax pool.
    Burn Time 3–5 hours, depending on wax type and wick size. 6–15 hours, with longer burn times in higher-quality candles.
    Usage Ideal for grouping in multiples, floating arrangements, or small decorative displays. Often used in string lights or lanterns. Designed for single, standalone use in votive holders. Common in religious settings, weddings, and dinner tables for sustained ambiance.
    Heat Output Lower heat; safe for close placement in clusters. Higher heat due to longer burn; requires adequate spacing and heat-resistant surfaces.

    Always use each candle type with its corresponding holder to ensure safety, maximize burn efficiency, and enhance visual appeal. Mixing them incorrectly can lead to overheating, spillage, or shortened candle life.