CommercialToolry

Disposable Adult Diaper Old Men: Structure, Specifications, and Common Industry Applications

Types of Disposable Adult Diapers for Older Men

Choosing the right disposable adult diaper is essential for maintaining comfort, dignity, and hygiene in older men experiencing urinary incontinence. With various technologies and materials available, understanding the differences between types can help caregivers and users select the most appropriate option based on lifestyle, incontinence level, and skin sensitivity.

Absorbent Diapers

Engineered for maximum fluid retention, these diapers are ideal for moderate to heavy incontinence.

Advantages
  • High absorbency with fluff pulp and superabsorbent polymers
  • Locks moisture away from skin to prevent irritation
  • Effective for overnight or extended wear
  • Reduces frequency of changes
Limitations
  • Bulkier than low-absorbency options
  • May feel warm during extended use
  • Slight crinkling sound possible

Best for: Men with medium to heavy incontinence, nighttime use, or limited mobility

Diapers with Wetness Indicators

These feature smart indicators that simplify monitoring and timely changes.

Advantages
  • Color-changing strip shows when diaper is saturated
  • Helps caregivers manage hygiene proactively
  • Reduces risk of skin breakdown from prolonged wetness
  • Often combined with high-absorbency cores
Limitations
  • Indicator may not be visible in all lighting
  • Slightly higher cost than basic models
  • Not all brands offer consistent color change

Best for: Caregiver-assisted settings, hospitals, or nursing homes

Hygiene-Focused Diapers

Designed for light incontinence with an emphasis on skin health and dryness.

Advantages
  • Quick-drying top sheet keeps skin surface dry
  • Often made with dioxin-free, skin-friendly materials
  • Thin and discreet for daily wear
  • Ideal for active seniors with minor leakage
Limitations
  • Not suitable for heavy incontinence
  • Requires more frequent changes
  • Limited use during sleep or long outings

Best for: Light to moderate incontinence, daytime use, skin-sensitive individuals

Semi-Permeable Diapers

Advanced design allowing breathability while managing waste discreetly.

Advantages
  • Permeable to air and moisture vapor for better breathability
  • Allows natural urination without restriction
  • Reduces heat buildup and discomfort
  • Promotes active, mobile lifestyles
Limitations
  • Less common and may be harder to find
  • Higher price point due to advanced materials
  • May not provide full containment for bowel incontinence

Best for: Active older men, daytime mobility, temperature-sensitive users

Type Absorbency Level Skin Comfort Mobility & Discretion Recommended Use
Absorbent Diapers High to Very High Good (with moisture-wicking) Moderate (slightly bulkier) Nighttime, heavy incontinence, bedridden
With Wetness Indicator Medium to High Very Good Good Caregiver settings, proactive hygiene
Hygiene-Focused Low to Medium Excellent Excellent (thin & discreet) Daytime, light leakage, active use
Semi-Permeable Medium Excellent (breathable) Excellent Active lifestyles, heat-sensitive users

Expert Tip: For optimal skin health, pair high-absorbency diapers with a barrier cream to prevent irritation. Always ensure proper fit—too tight can cause chafing, while too loose may lead to leaks.

Functionality & Reference Standards of Disposable Adult Diapers for Older Men

Disposable adult diapers play a vital role in maintaining dignity, comfort, and hygiene for older men experiencing urinary or fecal incontinence. As aging affects bladder and bowel control, selecting the right diaper becomes essential for both physical well-being and emotional confidence. Understanding the key functional features and standardized testing methods ensures informed decisions when choosing products tailored to individual care needs.

Core Functional Features

  • Controllability

    Controllability refers to the diaper’s ability to effectively contain and manage the release of urine or stool, minimizing leaks and ensuring user dryness. This is particularly critical for elderly individuals with limited mobility or those recovering from surgery, where prolonged moisture exposure can delay healing or worsen conditions like bedsores (pressure ulcers). High-performance diapers feature elastic leg cuffs and snug waistbands that form a secure seal, preventing lateral leakage. Additionally, strategically placed absorbent cores quickly lock away fluids, reducing the risk of overflow during movement or repositioning.

  • Skin Health Preservation

    Maintaining healthy skin is a primary concern in long-term diaper use. Prolonged contact with moisture can lead to irritation, chafing, and dermatitis—especially in older adults whose skin is thinner and more sensitive. Modern adult diapers are engineered with skin-friendly top sheets made from soft, non-woven fabrics that feel gentle against the skin. Many include a layer of dioxin-free cellulose pulp, which is not only environmentally safer but also highly absorbent and less likely to cause allergic reactions. Advanced moisture-wicking technology pulls liquid away from the skin surface, while breathable back sheets allow air circulation, significantly reducing the risk of diaper rash and fungal infections.

  • Odor Control

    Effective odor management is crucial for preserving dignity and social confidence. Incontinence-related odors can cause embarrassment and anxiety, impacting quality of life. Premium disposable diapers incorporate odor-neutralizing agents such as activated carbon, zinc oxide, or specialized polymers that chemically trap and break down ammonia and other volatile compounds produced by waste. This feature ensures that even after extended wear, the diaper remains discreet and socially acceptable, making it ideal for home care, nursing facilities, or public outings.

Reference Testing Standards

To ensure reliability and performance, adult diapers undergo rigorous laboratory testing based on internationally recognized protocols. These standardized evaluations measure critical aspects of functionality and safety, helping manufacturers and caregivers compare product effectiveness objectively.

Test Parameter Testing Method Performance Goal
Absorbent Capacity The core material is weighed dry, then saturated with distilled water or synthetic urine solution. The increase in weight determines total absorption (typically measured in milliliters). Some tests use a "retention under pressure" method to simulate real-world conditions. High-capacity diapers should hold 1000–1500 ml for heavy incontinence. Consistent absorption without leakage is essential for nighttime or extended wear.
Surface Moisture Retention A moisture sensor is placed on the inner liner. Liquid is introduced, and the time it takes for the surface to feel dry is recorded. Devices simulate continuous low-level discharge to evaluate rewet performance. Lower surface moisture indicates better comfort. Premium diapers maintain a dry-feel surface even after multiple wettings, protecting sensitive skin.
Leakage Prevention Diapers are mounted on articulated mannequins or artificial legs. A defined volume (e.g., 200 ml) of dyed liquid is dispensed at a controlled rate (e.g., 500 ml/min). Leakage is visually assessed and measured. No visible leakage should occur during or after the test. Effective leg cuffs, waist barriers, and rapid core absorption are key to passing this test.
Soiling Containment A simulated fecal substitute is introduced into the diaper. The distance it travels from the entry point to the nearest edge is measured. Movement simulations may be applied to mimic body motion. Effective soiling containment prevents contamination of clothing and bedding. Diapers with high front and back barriers offer superior protection, especially for active or restless users.

Important: When selecting adult diapers for older men, consider not only absorbency level but also fit, material sensitivity, and lifestyle needs. Poorly fitting products can cause leaks or skin damage, even if they meet high absorbency standards. Always follow manufacturer guidelines for usage duration and change frequency to maintain hygiene and prevent complications. Consulting healthcare professionals can help match the right product to medical conditions such as prostate issues, post-surgical recovery, or neurogenic bladder.

How to Choose Disposable Adult Diapers for Older Men

Selecting the right disposable adult diaper is essential for ensuring comfort, dignity, and health—especially as urinary or fecal incontinence becomes more common with age. For healthcare professionals, caregivers, and family members, making an informed choice involves evaluating multiple factors tailored to the individual’s physical condition, lifestyle, and personal needs. The right product not only prevents leaks but also promotes skin health and supports daily independence.

Assess Incontinence Level

Understanding the type and severity of incontinence is the foundation of proper diaper selection. Incontinence can be categorized into several types:

  • Stress incontinence: Leakage occurs during physical exertion like coughing, sneezing, or laughing—common in older men due to weakened pelvic floor muscles.
  • Urge incontinence: Sudden, intense need to urinate followed by involuntary loss—often linked to overactive bladder or neurological conditions.
  • Overflow incontinence: Frequent or constant dribbling due to incomplete bladder emptying—common in men with prostate issues.
  • Nocturnal incontinence: Bedwetting during sleep, requiring high-absorbency overnight protection.

Key insight: Choose diapers with absorbency levels matching the frequency and volume of incontinence—light, moderate, or heavy. High-absorbency diapers with wetness indicators are ideal for overnight or severe cases.

Ensure Proper Fit and Sizing

A well-fitted diaper prevents leaks, enhances comfort, and reduces skin irritation. Ill-fitting products can cause chafing or embarrassing accidents.

  • Measure waist and hip circumference to determine correct size (typically ranging from Small to XXX-Large).
  • Pull-up styles should stretch comfortably without pinching, while tab-style diapers offer adjustable fit for varying body shapes.
  • Look for leg cuffs with elasticized barriers to contain leaks without restricting movement.
  • Reinforced side panels and secure fasteners improve stability and ease of adjustment.

Pro tip: Reassess fit regularly, as weight fluctuations can affect sizing needs over time.

Consider Skin Sensitivity and Health

As skin thins and becomes more sensitive with age, choosing dermatologically safe materials is critical to prevent rashes, infections, and discomfort.

  • Select hypoallergenic, dioxin-free, and latex-free products to minimize allergic reactions.
  • Look for diapers with moisture-wicking topsheets that draw liquid away from the skin quickly.
  • Breathable, non-plastic outer layers allow air circulation, reducing heat buildup and lowering the risk of fungal infections or diaper rash.
  • Some premium brands include aloe, vitamin E, or pH-balanced liners to soothe and protect sensitive skin.

Clinical note: Frequent changes and use of barrier creams complement good diaper choice in preventing incontinence-associated dermatitis (IAD).

Match Diapers to Lifestyle and Mobility

The ideal diaper supports the user’s daily routine—whether they are active, semi-mobile, or bedridden.

  • Active seniors: Prefer discreet pull-up style diapers that resemble regular underwear, allowing easy on/off during outings or exercise.
  • Homebound individuals: May benefit from tab-style (brief-style) diapers that are easier to change when lying down.
  • Overnight use: High-capacity, odor-locking diapers with extra padding provide uninterrupted sleep.
  • Travel-friendly options: Compact packaging and disposable disposal bags enhance convenience on the go.

Smart choice: Prioritize discretion and ease of use for users concerned about dignity and independence.

Evaluate Cost and Value

Budget considerations are important, especially for long-term use, but should not come at the expense of quality and health.

  • Economy brands may offer lower upfront costs but often lack advanced features like wetness indicators or odor control.
  • Premium brands typically provide better absorbency, comfort, and skin protection—potentially reducing skin issues and replacement frequency.
  • Buying in bulk through trusted e-commerce platforms (e.g., Amazon, Walmart, or Alibaba.com) can reduce per-unit cost significantly.
  • Check for insurance coverage or Medicaid eligibility, as some programs partially cover incontinence supplies.

Value tip: Calculate cost per use—higher-quality diapers may cost more upfront but last longer and prevent costly skin complications.

Additional Features to Consider

Modern adult diapers come with innovative features that enhance usability and comfort.

  • Wetness indicators: Change color when the diaper is full—helpful for caregivers monitoring changes.
  • Odor-neutralizing technology: Carbon or baking soda layers reduce embarrassing smells.
  • Double leakage guards: Provide extra protection during movement or sleep.
  • Refastenable tabs: Allow multiple adjustments for optimal fit without tearing.
  • Eco-friendly options: Biodegradable or recyclable components are emerging for environmentally conscious users.

Innovation note: Smart diapers with sensors are now available for clinical settings to monitor hydration and urinary patterns.

Professional Recommendation: When selecting adult diapers for older men, start with a trial pack of different styles and absorbencies. Observe performance over a few days—checking for leaks, skin reactions, and comfort. Involve the user in the decision when possible to ensure dignity and compliance. For mixed incontinence or nighttime use, opt for high-absorbency briefs with odor control. For active users, prioritize slim-fit pull-ups with strong elastic for discretion and freedom of movement.

User Profile Recommended Diaper Type Absorbency Level Key Features
Occasional leakage (stress incontinence) Pull-up underwear Light to moderate Discreet fit, cotton-like fabric, odor control
Frequent daytime incontinence Tab-style briefs Moderate to heavy Adjustable tabs, wetness indicator, breathable
Nocturnal incontinence Overnight high-capacity briefs Heavy to maximum Extra padding, leakage barriers, odor lock
Bedridden or limited mobility Fully adjustable briefs Heavy Easy-change design, skin-safe materials, high breathability

Final Tips for Caregivers and Health Professionals

  • Monitor skin regularly: Check for redness or irritation during changes to prevent pressure sores or infections.
  • Change promptly: Even high-absorbency diapers should be changed every 4–6 hours or immediately when soiled.
  • Hydration matters: Encourage adequate fluid intake—dehydration can worsen incontinence and urinary tract health.
  • Respect privacy: Maintain dignity during changes with proper draping and communication.
  • Consult a specialist: If incontinence worsens, refer to a urologist or continence nurse for medical evaluation and management.

Product Applications of Disposable Adult Diapers for Older Men

Disposable adult diapers have evolved into essential personal care products that support health, dignity, and independence for older men experiencing incontinence. Designed with advanced materials and ergonomic features, these products cater to a wide range of lifestyles and medical needs. From clinical environments to daily living, adult diapers provide reliable protection, comfort, and discretion. This guide explores the key applications of disposable adult diapers tailored specifically for older men, highlighting their benefits across various scenarios including medical care, home support, travel, post-surgery recovery, and chronic condition management.

Important Note: Proper fit and timely changes are crucial to prevent skin breakdown and urinary tract infections. Always select the correct size and absorbency level based on individual needs and consult healthcare professionals when managing complex medical conditions.

Medical Care Settings

In hospitals, rehabilitation centers, and long-term care facilities, healthcare professionals rely on high-performance disposable adult diapers designed for clinical use. These products are engineered to simplify patient handling while supporting hygiene and infection control protocols.

  • Easy Application and Removal: Diapers with tear-away sides or resealable tape allow nurses to change patients efficiently without requiring full undressing—critical for bedridden or mobility-limited individuals.
  • Moisture Management: Advanced wicking layers pull urine away from the skin, reducing the risk of maceration and promoting faster healing in patients with pressure ulcers or post-surgical wounds.
  • Wetness Indicators: Color-changing strips signal when the diaper is nearing capacity, enabling timely changes and minimizing exposure to moisture, which enhances patient comfort and reduces caregiver workload.
  • Infection Control: Many medical-grade diapers incorporate antimicrobial linings or pH-balanced surfaces to inhibit bacterial growth and lower the risk of urinary tract infections (UTIs).

Pro Tip: In clinical settings, combining diapers with moisture-barrier creams can significantly reduce the incidence of incontinence-associated dermatitis (IAD), especially in elderly male patients with sensitive skin.

Home Care and Daily Living

For family caregivers and older men living at home, comfort, dignity, and ease of use are top priorities. Modern adult diapers are designed to blend functionality with discretion, allowing users to maintain their routines with confidence.

  • Breathable and Dry-Fit Design: Air-permeable outer layers and quick-dry topsheets keep the skin dry, reducing the likelihood of rashes and irritation during extended wear.
  • Pull-Up Style Options: Resembling regular underwear, pull-up diapers enable self-sufficient older men to dress and undress independently, preserving autonomy and self-esteem.
  • Odor Neutralization: Built-in odor-lock technology uses carbon or fragrance-neutralizing polymers to minimize embarrassing smells, enhancing social comfort at home or during visits.
  • Caregiver-Friendly Features: Side panels with easy-tear seams allow for quick changes when assistance is needed, making caregiving less physically demanding.

Travel and Leisure Activities

Many older men wish to remain active and enjoy travel, outings, and social events without being limited by incontinence concerns. Today’s disposable adult diapers offer unprecedented discretion and performance for on-the-go lifestyles.

  • Underwear-Like Discretion: Slim-profile designs with soft, cloth-like materials look and feel like regular underwear under clothing, eliminating visible bulk and boosting confidence in public.
  • Extended Absorbency: High-capacity core with superabsorbent polymers (SAP) locks away liquid for up to 8–12 hours, ideal for long flights, road trips, or day excursions.
  • Leak-Proof Protection: Dual leg cuffs and elastic waistbands create a secure seal, preventing leaks during movement or prolonged sitting.
  • Portable and Convenient: Compact packaging allows discreet carrying in bags, and some products are pre-folded for easy disposal in public restrooms.

Brands now offer products specifically designed for older men, such as disposable diaper pants with anatomical shaping, front padding for male anatomy, and improved front-rise coverage to prevent leaks during daytime use.

Post-Operative Recovery

After surgeries—particularly urological, orthopedic, or abdominal procedures—older men may experience temporary incontinence or restricted mobility. Disposable diapers play a vital role in post-op care by supporting hygiene and comfort during recovery.

  • Non-Invasive Design: Easy-open sides allow medical staff or caregivers to check for output or perform wound care without disturbing surgical sites or catheters.
  • Infection Prevention: Diapers with antibacterial inner linings help reduce the risk of surgical site infections and UTIs, which are common complications in elderly patients.
  • Pressure Relief: Soft, non-abrasive materials minimize friction on sensitive skin, especially important for patients confined to beds or wheelchairs.
  • Stress-Free Changes: Quick-change features reduce patient discomfort during diaper replacement, making the process smoother during early recovery stages.

Managing Chronic Health Conditions

Chronic conditions such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), diabetes-related neuropathy, stroke, or neurodegenerative diseases often lead to persistent urinary incontinence. For long-term management, disposable adult diapers provide a practical and hygienic solution.

  • Reliable Absorbency: Diapers with multi-layer cores and SAP technology can handle frequent or heavy leakage, offering peace of mind throughout the day or night.
  • Skin Protection: Dioxin-free, hypoallergenic materials and pH-balanced liners help prevent rashes and irritation during prolonged use.
  • Customizable Fit: Adjustable tabs or stretchable sides ensure a snug, comfortable fit for varying body types, reducing gaps and leaks.
  • User Empowerment: Many men develop personalized routines—testing different brands, absorbency levels, and styles—to find the optimal balance between protection and comfort.
Application Key Features Benefits Recommended Product Types
Medical Care Wetness indicators, tear-away sides, antimicrobial lining Efficient changes, infection control, skin health Tape-style medical diapers, briefs with indicators
Home Care Breathable fabric, odor control, easy-on pull-up design Comfort, independence, dignity Pull-up underwear, soft-sided briefs
Travel & Leisure Slim profile, high absorbency, discreet look Mobility, confidence, long-lasting protection Diaper pants, ultra-thin briefs
Post-Operative Side openings, soft materials, infection-resistant Non-invasive care, healing support Open-side briefs, medical-grade diapers
Chronic Conditions Superabsorbent core, anatomical fit, skin-safe materials All-day protection, reduced irritation Maxi-absorbency briefs, adaptive fit designs

Expert Insight: Regularly rotating diaper brands or styles can help identify the best-performing product for individual needs. Consider keeping a small log of comfort, leakage incidents, and skin reactions to guide future choices.

Additional Recommendations

  • Choose products labeled as “dermatologically tested” or “clinically proven” for sensitive skin.
  • Store diapers in a cool, dry place to maintain material integrity and hygiene.
  • Use disposal bags when traveling to discreetly manage used diapers.
  • Monitor for signs of skin irritation or infection and consult a healthcare provider if issues persist.
  • Involve the user in product selection to enhance acceptance and consistent use.

Disposable adult diapers are more than just a hygiene product—they are a vital tool that supports health, independence, and quality of life for older men. With thoughtful selection and proper use, these products enable individuals to live actively, safely, and with dignity, regardless of physical challenges. As technology continues to advance, modern designs offer greater comfort, discretion, and performance than ever before, making incontinence easier to manage in every stage of life.

Frequently Asked Questions About Disposable Adult Diapers for Elderly Men

Q1: Who is the target market for these disposable adult diapers for elderly men?

These disposable adult diapers are primarily designed for men aged 60 and above who experience urinary or fecal incontinence due to age-related health conditions such as prostate issues, mobility limitations, or neurological disorders like Parkinson’s disease or stroke recovery.

In addition, they are ideal for individuals who are bedridden, recovering from surgery, or reliant on wheelchairs, where frequent bathroom access is challenging. The advanced moisture-wicking and breathable materials help prevent skin irritation, reduce the risk of pressure sores, and protect against infections such as urinary tract infections (UTIs) and diaper rash—making them essential for long-term care settings and home healthcare.

Family caregivers, nursing homes, and assisted living facilities also represent a significant portion of the user base, as these products support dignity, hygiene, and comfort in daily care routines.

Q2: Are these diapers environmentally friendly?

Most traditional disposable adult diapers are not considered environmentally friendly due to their composition, which typically includes plastic backing, synthetic absorbent cores (like superabsorbent polymers), and non-biodegradable adhesives. These materials can take hundreds of years to decompose in landfills.

However, there is a growing trend toward eco-conscious alternatives. Several brands now offer more sustainable options made with biodegradable materials, chlorine-free pulp, plant-based plastics, and reduced chemical content. While these eco-friendly versions are still disposable, they aim to minimize environmental impact through compostable components and reduced carbon footprint during production.

It's important to note that while some companies have started producing eco-friendly disposable diapers for infants, similar innovations are now being extended to adult incontinence products. Consumers should look for certifications such as FSC (Forest Stewardship Council), compostability labels, or "plastic-free" claims when selecting greener options.

  • Common Non-Eco Elements: Polyethylene, SAP (sodium polyacrylate), synthetic elastics.
  • Eco-Friendly Alternatives: Bamboo fiber, cornstarch-based films, recyclable packaging, chlorine-free processing.
  • Tips: Check product labels for sustainability claims and proper disposal guidelines.
Q3: How should these diapers be disposed of safely and hygienically?

Proper disposal of used adult diapers is crucial to maintain hygiene, prevent odor, and avoid contamination. Here’s a recommended step-by-step process:

  1. Secure the Diaper: After removal, roll the diaper inward to contain any waste, then fasten it using the built-in adhesive tabs or tie it with a knot if it has disposal ties.
  2. Seal in a Bag: Place the rolled diaper in a sealed plastic bag or a dedicated odor-proof disposal bag to minimize smell and bacterial spread.
  3. Use Appropriate Bins: Dispose of the sealed diaper in a covered medical waste bin or regular household trash—never flush it down the toilet, as this can cause plumbing blockages.
  4. Follow Facility Guidelines: In hospitals, nursing homes, or clinics, follow institutional protocols for biohazard waste management, which may require special containers or scheduled pickups.
  5. Wash Hands: Always wash hands thoroughly with soap and water after handling soiled diapers to prevent infection.

For households managing multiple changes daily, consider using a lidded diaper pail with odor control features to maintain cleanliness and comfort in living spaces.

Q4: What are the most important features to consider when choosing an adult diaper?

Selecting the right adult diaper involves evaluating several key performance and safety features to ensure comfort, effectiveness, and skin health. Here are the top factors to consider:

  • Absorbency Level: Choose based on the degree of incontinence—light, moderate, or heavy. High-absorbency diapers contain superabsorbent polymers (SAP) that lock away moisture quickly and keep the skin dry.
  • Skin-Friendly Materials: Opt for hypoallergenic and dioxin-free products to reduce the risk of allergic reactions and long-term health concerns. Look for breathable outer layers that allow airflow and reduce sweating.
  • Age-Specific Design: Diapers labeled for 60+ often feature softer materials, better fit for aging body shapes, and enhanced leak guards tailored to seniors’ needs.
  • Eco-Conscious Options: As sustainability becomes more important, many brands now offer eco-friendly variants made from renewable resources and free from harmful chemicals.
  • Fragrance-Free: Avoid scented diapers, as added fragrances can irritate sensitive skin.
  • Wetness Indicator: Some premium models include a color-changing strip that signals when the diaper needs changing—especially helpful for caregivers.

Always compare brands and read reviews to find a balance between performance, comfort, and value. Trusted healthcare providers or pharmacists can also recommend reliable options based on individual needs.

Q5: Do these diapers come in different sizes like regular ones?

Yes, disposable adult diapers are available in a wide range of sizes to accommodate various body types and ensure a secure, comfortable fit. Common sizing includes:

Size Waist Measurement (inches) Best For
Small (S) 24–32" Lightweight adults or those with smaller frames
Medium (M) 32–38" Average build individuals
Large (L) 38–46" Larger builds or plus-size users
Extra Large (XL) & Up 46"+ Bariatric patients or those needing extended coverage

Choosing the correct size is critical:

  • Too Tight: Can restrict circulation, cause chafing, discomfort, or skin breakdown—especially dangerous for immobile users.
  • Too Loose: Increases the risk of leaks, sagging, and poor containment, reducing effectiveness and hygiene.

Many brands also offer adjustable tabs for a customizable fit, similar to baby diapers. Always refer to the manufacturer’s size chart and measure the user’s waist accurately before purchasing. Some products are also available in gender-specific designs, with male-oriented models offering better front coverage for standing urination.