CommercialToolry

Inside Wholesale China Tyre In India: Technical Details, Quality Standards, and Applications

Types of Tyres Suitable for Wholesale in India

The Indian tyre market has witnessed rapid growth, driven by increasing vehicle ownership and infrastructure development. Wholesale suppliers in India play a crucial role in meeting the demand for reliable and cost-effective tyres. Among the most sought-after options are China tyres, which have gained popularity due to their competitive pricing, consistent quality, and wide availability. These tyres cater to a broad spectrum of vehicles and usage conditions across India’s diverse terrain and climate.

Below is a comprehensive overview of the most common types of tyres available in the wholesale market, their features, benefits, and ideal applications.

Passenger Car Tyres

Designed for sedans, hatchbacks, and SUVs, these are among the most widely sold China tyres in India. They prioritize ride comfort, low road noise, and fuel efficiency—key factors for urban and intercity commuting.

Advantages
  • Smooth and quiet ride quality
  • Improved fuel economy due to low rolling resistance
  • Excellent grip on both dry and wet Indian roads
  • Wide availability in multiple sizes and tread patterns
Limitations
  • Less durable under heavy loads or rough terrain
  • May wear faster on poorly maintained roads

Best for: Family cars, daily commuters, city driving, and moderate highway use

Radial Tyres

Radial tyres dominate the modern Indian market due to their superior construction. Steel belts run radially across the tyre, enhancing flexibility, heat resistance, and tread life—making them ideal for long-distance travel and high-speed driving.

Advantages
  • Longer tread life compared to bias ply
  • Better fuel efficiency and heat dissipation
  • Enhanced stability and handling at high speeds
  • Greater resistance to punctures and wear
Limitations
  • Slightly higher initial cost
  • More sensitive to pothole damage if driven aggressively

Best for: Highways, long-distance travel, modern passenger vehicles, and performance-oriented drivers

Bias Ply Tyres

Constructed with crisscrossed layers of fabric (usually nylon), bias ply tyres are known for their ruggedness and load-carrying capacity. While gradually being replaced by radial tyres, they remain popular in certain segments due to affordability and durability.

Advantages
  • Lower purchase cost
  • Excellent load-bearing strength
  • Durable on rough, unpaved, or rural roads
  • Commonly used in older vehicle models and budget cars
Limitations
  • Higher rolling resistance reduces fuel efficiency
  • Stiffer ride with more road noise
  • Shorter tread life and less grip on wet surfaces

Best for: Budget-conscious buyers, rural transport, older vehicles, and short-distance driving

Truck and Bus Tyres

These heavy-duty tyres are engineered for commercial vehicles that operate under extreme loads and long distances. In the wholesale market, these are often sold in bulk to fleet operators, logistics companies, and transportation businesses.

Advantages
  • Exceptional durability and load-carrying capacity
  • Resistant to wear, heat, and road debris
  • Designed for high mileage and consistent performance
  • Critical for commercial operations and supply chains
Limitations
  • High replacement cost per unit
  • Requires proper inflation and maintenance
  • Limited availability of certain sizes in remote areas

Best for: Freight transport, public buses, intercity coaches, and large fleet operators

Two-Wheeler Tyres

With India being one of the largest two-wheeler markets globally, there's a massive demand for motorcycle and scooter tyres. Wholesale suppliers stock a wide variety of sizes and tread designs to match popular models from Hero, Honda, Bajaj, TVS, and others.

Advantages
  • High demand due to large two-wheeler ownership
  • Versatile designs for city riding, highways, and monsoon conditions
  • Quick turnaround and repeat purchases
  • Affordable pricing and easy replacement
Limitations
  • Frequent wear due to aggressive riding
  • Varying quality standards among China brands

Best for: Scooters, commuter bikes, delivery fleets, and personal two-wheelers

All-Season Tyres

These tyres are engineered to perform reliably in a range of weather conditions—dry, wet, and light rain—making them ideal for India’s predominantly tropical and subtropical climate. Their versatility increases their appeal in the wholesale sector.

Advantages
  • Adaptable to varying road and weather conditions
  • Reduced need for seasonal tyre changes
  • Cost-effective for year-round use
  • Broad market appeal across regions
Limitations
  • Not optimized for extreme weather (e.g., heavy snow or desert heat)
  • May not match specialized tyre performance in specific conditions

Best for: Urban and semi-urban drivers, moderate climates, year-round usage without seasonal swaps

Tyre Type Key Features Durability Best For Wholesale Demand Level
Passenger Car Tyres Comfort, fuel efficiency, smooth ride High Family vehicles, city commuting Very High
Radial Tyres Long life, stability, fuel savings Very High Highways, long-distance travel Very High
Bias Ply Tyres Low cost, strong load capacity Moderate Budget cars, rural roads High
Truck & Bus Tyres Heavy-duty, high mileage Very High Commercial fleets, logistics High
Two-Wheeler Tyres Compact, grippy, affordable Moderate Scooters, motorcycles Very High
All-Season Tyres Versatile, weather-adaptive High Year-round urban driving High

Expert Tip: When sourcing China tyres for wholesale in India, always verify certifications (such as ISO, DOT, or ECE) and check for tread wear indicators and load index ratings to ensure safety and compliance with Indian road conditions.

Understanding the different types of tyres and their applications helps wholesalers make informed decisions, meet customer expectations, and maintain a competitive edge in India’s dynamic automotive market.

Key Features to Consider for China Tyre Wholesale in India

As India's automotive and transportation sectors continue to grow, the demand for high-quality, affordable tyres has surged. Chinese tyre manufacturers have emerged as a dominant force in the global market, offering Indian wholesalers a compelling combination of performance, affordability, and variety. Understanding the critical features of Chinese tyres is essential for making informed purchasing decisions that maximize profitability and customer satisfaction.

Top 5 Features Indian Wholesalers Should Evaluate

Durability and Quality

Modern Chinese tyre manufacturers utilize advanced rubber compounding technologies and rigorous quality control processes to produce tyres that offer excellent resistance to wear, abrasion, and punctures. These tyres are engineered with reinforced sidewalls and high-tensile steel belts, ensuring longevity even under India's challenging road conditions—ranging from urban highways to rural dirt tracks.

Many Chinese brands now meet or exceed international standards such as ISO, DOT, and ECE, making them suitable for commercial fleets, logistics companies, and everyday passenger vehicles. For Indian wholesalers, sourcing from certified manufacturers ensures consistent product reliability and reduces returns or warranty claims.

Cost-Effective Solutions

One of the most significant advantages of sourcing tyres from China is their competitive pricing. Due to economies of scale, lower labor costs, and efficient production methods, Chinese manufacturers can offer high-value tyres at prices significantly below premium international brands.

This cost advantage translates into healthier profit margins for Indian wholesalers and allows them to offer attractive pricing to retailers and end-users. Moreover, bulk purchasing options and flexible MOQs (Minimum Order Quantities) make Chinese suppliers ideal partners for scaling operations without straining capital.

Strong Tread Patterns for All-Weather Performance

Chinese tyre producers design tread patterns specifically to enhance grip, reduce hydroplaning, and improve braking efficiency across diverse weather conditions. Features such as deep circumferential grooves, lateral sipes, and zig-zag shoulder blocks ensure superior water dispersion—critical during India’s monsoon season.

These all-weather capabilities make Chinese tyres a popular choice among fleet operators, taxi services, and private vehicle owners. Wholesalers can leverage this versatility to market tyres as reliable year-round solutions, increasing customer retention and repeat orders.

Variety in Size and Type

Chinese manufacturers offer an extensive portfolio covering nearly every vehicle category: two-wheelers, passenger cars, SUVs, light commercial vehicles (LCVs), heavy trucks, buses, and agricultural machinery. Within each category, multiple sizes, load indices, and speed ratings are available.

This wide range enables Indian wholesalers to serve a broad customer base—from small-town garages to large urban dealerships. Customization options for OEMs and private labeling further enhance business opportunities, allowing wholesalers to build their own branded product lines.

Rapid Shipping and Efficient Logistics

Thanks to well-established export infrastructure and partnerships with global shipping lines, Chinese suppliers offer reliable delivery timelines to Indian ports like Mumbai, Chennai, and Kolkata. Many also provide door-to-warehouse delivery through integrated logistics networks.

With streamlined customs clearance support and real-time shipment tracking, wholesalers can maintain lean inventory while ensuring timely restocking. This logistical efficiency is crucial for responding to seasonal demand spikes—such as festival seasons or post-monsoon repairs—without overstocking.

Compliance & Certifications

While not mentioned in the original list, it's vital for Indian wholesalers to verify that imported tyres comply with local regulations set by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). Since 2021, BIS certification is mandatory for all tyres sold in India.

Reputable Chinese manufacturers now obtain BIS certification for their export models, ensuring legal compliance and consumer trust. Always request test reports and certification documents before placing large orders to avoid customs delays or penalties.

Feature Why It Matters Tips for Wholesalers
Durability & Quality Reduces returns and builds brand reputation Choose suppliers with ISO 9001 certification and third-party test reports
Cost Efficiency Increases profit margins and competitive edge Negotiate bulk pricing and explore container-load discounts
Tread Design Enhances safety and performance in Indian conditions Prioritize tyres with deep grooves and monsoon-ready patterns
Size & Type Range Expands market reach and customer base Stock a mix of popular sizes (e.g., 185/70R14, 205/70R15) and niche variants
Shipping & Lead Time Ensures supply chain reliability Partner with suppliers offering 25–35 day sea freight to major Indian ports

Best Practices for Successful Tyre Importing

  • Verify Supplier Credentials: Use platforms like Alibaba’s Trade Assurance or visit factories in person to assess production capabilities and quality control systems.
  • Request Samples First: Test tyres for wear resistance, noise levels, and ride comfort before committing to large orders.
  • Check BIS Certification: Ensure all tyres meet Indian regulatory standards to avoid legal issues upon import.
  • Monitor Exchange Rates: Fluctuations in CNY/INR can impact landed costs; consider hedging strategies for long-term contracts.
  • Build Strong Relationships: Establish long-term partnerships with reliable suppliers to secure better pricing, priority production, and after-sales support.
  • Important: Always conduct due diligence before importing. Unverified suppliers may offer attractive prices but deliver substandard or non-compliant products. Work with certified exporters, use secure payment methods (e.g., LC), and insure shipments. Compliance with BIS and proper documentation are not optional—they are essential for legal and safe operations in the Indian market.

    What Should Wholesalers Keep in Mind When Choosing China Tyres?

    Importing tyres from China offers significant cost advantages for Indian wholesalers, but making the right choices is critical to ensuring product reliability, regulatory compliance, and long-term profitability. With increasing demand for affordable yet high-performing tyres in India, selecting the right Chinese suppliers and products requires a strategic approach that balances quality, compliance, logistics, and financial terms.

    Reputable Suppliers

    Partnering with established and reputable Chinese tyre manufacturers is the foundation of a successful import business. A supplier’s track record directly impacts product consistency, after-sales support, and brand reputation in the Indian market.

    • Conduct thorough background checks on suppliers using platforms like Alibaba, Made-in-China, or third-party verification services (e.g., SGS, Bureau Veritas)
    • Prioritize suppliers with long-standing operations, verified customer reviews, and experience exporting to India or similar markets
    • Request factory audit reports or consider on-site visits to assess manufacturing capabilities and quality control processes
    • Look for suppliers who offer sample testing before placing bulk orders

    Key insight: Long-term partnerships with reliable suppliers reduce supply chain risks and ensure consistent product availability.

    Quality Assurance & Certifications

    Ensuring that Chinese tyres meet international and Indian quality benchmarks is essential for consumer trust and regulatory approval.

    • Require suppliers to provide valid ISO 9001 (quality management) and, where applicable, BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards) certification
    • Verify compliance with DOT (USA), ECE (Europe), or CCC (China Compulsory Certification) as indicators of manufacturing standards
    • Demand third-party lab test reports for critical parameters like tensile strength, tread wear, and high-speed endurance
    • Ensure tyres undergo proper curing and vulcanization processes to prevent premature wear or structural failure

    Pro tip: Insist on batch-wise quality certificates and random pre-shipment inspections to maintain consistency.

    Compliance with Indian Standards (IS)

    The Automotive Industry Standards (AIS) set by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH) are mandatory for all tyres sold in India. Non-compliant products face rejection at customs or post-import penalties.

    • Tyres must meet AIS-123 (for passenger vehicles) and AIS-133 (for commercial vehicles) standards
    • Look for the ISI Mark or CR (Compulsory Registration) label on packaging and sidewalls
    • Verify rolling resistance, wet grip, and noise emission levels as per Bharat Stage (BS) VI norms
    • Ensure tyre size, load index, and speed rating match Indian vehicle specifications

    Critical warning: Importing non-compliant tyres can lead to shipment seizures, fines, and damage to your dealership's credibility.

    Shipping, Logistics & Handling Costs

    Freight and logistics significantly influence the landed cost of Chinese tyres. Efficient planning can protect profit margins and improve delivery timelines.

    • Negotiate FOB (Free on Board) or CIF (Cost, Insurance, Freight) terms based on your logistical capabilities
    • Compare shipping options: sea freight (cost-effective for bulk) vs. air freight (faster but expensive)
    • Factor in port handling, customs clearance, inland transportation, and warehousing costs
    • Partner with experienced freight forwarders familiar with India-China tyre imports
    • Optimize container loading (e.g., 20' or 40' HC containers) to maximize volume and reduce per-unit cost

    Smart strategy: Consolidate orders quarterly to benefit from volume discounts and reduced shipping frequency.

    Payment Terms & Financial Security

    Managing financial risk is crucial when dealing with overseas suppliers. Clear, secure, and flexible payment terms protect both parties.

    • Use secure payment methods such as Letter of Credit (LC), Escrow services, or TT (Telegraphic Transfer) with milestones
    • Negotiate partial advance payments (e.g., 30%) with balance upon shipment or after quality inspection
    • Avoid full upfront payments unless the supplier has a proven track record with your business
    • Clarify currency (USD or CNY), exchange rate fluctuations, and payment deadlines
    • Include penalty clauses for delays or substandard deliveries in contracts

    Risk mitigation: Always use formal contracts and consider trade insurance for high-value orders.

    Additional Strategic Considerations

    Beyond the core factors, wholesalers should evaluate long-term business dynamics to build a sustainable import model.

    • After-Sales Support: Confirm warranty policies, defect replacement procedures, and technical assistance
    • Branding Options: Explore private labeling or OEM manufacturing to build your own brand identity
    • Market Demand Alignment: Match tyre types (e.g., radial, bias-ply, tubeless) to Indian regional needs (e.g., rural vs. urban, 2W vs. 4W)
    • Sustainability: Prioritize eco-friendly compounds and recyclable packaging to align with growing environmental awareness
    • Scalability: Choose suppliers who can scale production as your business grows

    Future-proofing: Diversify suppliers to avoid dependency on a single source and mitigate geopolitical or supply chain disruptions.

    Professional Recommendation: Wholesalers should adopt a due diligence framework before finalizing any Chinese tyre supplier. Start with small trial orders to evaluate quality, packaging, and delivery timelines. Build relationships gradually while verifying compliance and performance in real-world conditions. For long-term success, focus on suppliers who offer a balance of quality, certification, and competitive pricing—rather than the lowest cost alone.

    Factor Key Action Benefit Risk of Neglect
    Supplier Reputation Verify history, reviews, and audits Consistent quality and reliability Poor products, supply disruptions
    Quality Certifications Require ISO, BIS, AIS compliance Regulatory approval and customer trust Customs rejection, legal issues
    Indian Standards (AIS) Confirm IS/CR marking and specs Market eligibility and safety Fines, recalls, brand damage
    Shipping & Logistics Optimize freight and partner with experts Lower landed cost, timely delivery High costs, delays, inventory gaps
    Payment Terms Use LC, partial payments, contracts Financial security and flexibility Scams, cash flow issues

    Final Checklist for Wholesalers

    • ✅ Confirm supplier legitimacy through third-party verification
    • ✅ Obtain and validate all required quality and safety certifications
    • ✅ Ensure tyres comply with AIS-123/AIS-133 and carry CR marking
    • ✅ Calculate total landed cost including shipping, duties, and taxes
    • ✅ Use secure payment methods with clear contractual terms
    • ✅ Conduct pre-shipment quality inspections
    • ✅ Plan inventory based on lead times and seasonal demand
    • ✅ Build a contingency plan with alternative suppliers

    Advantages of Tyre Dealers Sourcing from China

    For Indian tyre wholesalers and dealers, sourcing tyres from China has become a strategic business decision. With the global tyre market evolving rapidly, Chinese manufacturers have emerged as reliable partners offering high-quality, innovative, and cost-effective solutions. Below are the key advantages that make China a preferred destination for Indian tyre importers.

    Pro Tip: When sourcing from China, always verify manufacturer certifications (ISO, DOT, ECE) and request sample testing to ensure compliance with Indian road safety standards.

    1. High-Quality Manufacturing Standards

    Chinese tyre manufacturers utilize advanced production technologies and automated manufacturing processes to ensure consistency and precision. These facilities are equipped with state-of-the-art machinery and employ rigorous quality control protocols at every stage—from raw material selection to final inspection.

    Many Chinese tyre brands now meet or exceed international standards such as ISO 9001, TÜV, and BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). As a result, Indian dealers can confidently offer tyres known for their durability, tread life, resistance to wear, and performance across various road conditions.

    2. Extensive Product Range and Customization

    China’s tyre industry produces one of the most diverse portfolios in the world, catering to virtually every vehicle type and application:

    • Passenger car tyres (including eco-friendly and high-performance variants)
    • Commercial truck and bus tyres (radial and bias-ply options)
    • Two-wheeler and three-wheeler tyres (scooters, motorcycles, auto-rickshaws)
    • OTR (Off-The-Road) tyres for construction and mining equipment
    • Specialty tyres for agricultural, industrial, and electric vehicles

    This wide variety allows Indian wholesalers to build a comprehensive inventory and serve multiple market segments—from urban commuters to rural transporters—without relying on multiple suppliers.

    3. Competitive Pricing and High Profit Margins

    One of the most compelling reasons Indian dealers source tyres from China is the favorable cost structure. Lower labor costs, economies of scale, and efficient production processes enable Chinese manufacturers to offer premium-quality tyres at highly competitive prices.

    For Indian wholesalers, this translates into:

    • Lower procurement costs per unit
    • Higher profit margins even after competitive retail pricing
    • Ability to offer value-for-money products to price-sensitive customers
    • Opportunities to bundle tyres with services (fitting, balancing, warranties)

    4. Efficient Supply Chain and Logistics Infrastructure

    China has developed a robust export ecosystem with world-class ports, rail networks, and shipping lines connecting directly to major Indian ports like Mumbai, Chennai, and Kolkata. Many Chinese tyre exporters partner with reliable freight forwarders to ensure smooth customs clearance and timely delivery.

    Key logistics benefits include:

    • Regular shipping schedules and container availability
    • Flexible Incoterms (FOB, CIF, EXW) to suit buyer preferences
    • Digital tracking systems for real-time shipment monitoring
    • Just-in-time inventory support to reduce warehousing costs

    5. Continuous Technological Innovation

    The Chinese tyre industry invests heavily in R&D to stay ahead in the global market. Modern Chinese tyres incorporate advanced technologies such as:

    • Silica-based tread compounds for improved fuel efficiency
    • Asymmetric and directional tread patterns for better grip and noise reduction
    • Run-flat and self-sealing technologies
    • Low rolling resistance designs for EV compatibility

    By offering these technologically advanced tyres, Indian dealers can differentiate themselves in a crowded market and appeal to customers seeking modern, performance-oriented products.

    6. Strong Export Infrastructure and Global Experience

    China is one of the largest tyre exporters in the world, with established trade relationships across Asia, Africa, Europe, and Latin America. Chinese manufacturers are experienced in handling international orders, documentation, and compliance requirements.

    For Indian importers, this means:

    • Streamlined order processing and communication (often English-speaking sales teams)
    • Professional packaging and labeling (customizable for branding)
    • MOQ (Minimum Order Quantity) flexibility for new or growing businesses
    • Support with certifications and import documentation
    Advantage Impact on Indian Dealers Long-Term Benefit
    High-Quality Manufacturing Reduced returns and customer complaints Stronger brand reputation and customer loyalty
    Wide Product Range One-stop sourcing for all tyre needs Operational efficiency and expanded market reach
    Competitive Pricing Higher margins and pricing flexibility Improved profitability and scalability
    Efficient Supply Chain Faster restocking and reduced downtime Better inventory management and customer satisfaction
    Technological Innovation Access to modern, high-performance products Competitive edge in evolving markets
    Export Expertise Smooth import process and reliable delivery Reduced operational risks and delays

    Note: To maximize benefits, Indian dealers should conduct due diligence—verify supplier credentials, request product samples, and consider visiting factories or attending trade shows like the China International Rubber Expo.

    Conclusion

    Sourcing tyres from China offers Indian dealers a powerful combination of quality, variety, affordability, and reliability. As consumer expectations rise and competition intensifies, aligning with capable Chinese manufacturers enables Indian wholesalers to strengthen their market position, expand their offerings, and deliver superior value to end customers.

    With proper supplier selection and strategic planning, Chinese-sourced tyres can become a cornerstone of a successful and sustainable tyre distribution business in India.

    Frequently Asked Questions About Chinese Tyres in the Indian Market

    Q. Which popular tyre for passenger vehicles in India is suitable for all weather?

    A. All-season tyres have emerged as the top choice for passenger vehicles across India due to their excellent adaptability to the country’s diverse yet generally moderate climate. These tyres are engineered to perform reliably in both dry summers and monsoon conditions, offering balanced traction, braking, and handling throughout the year.

    For wholesalers and distributors, stocking all-season tyres is a strategic move—these tyres are in high demand among Indian consumers who prioritize convenience and year-round safety without the need for seasonal tyre changes. Leading Chinese brands now offer high-quality all-season variants that meet Indian road conditions and temperature ranges, making them a smart inventory choice.

    Q. Which is the most common tread design found in Chinese tyres for India?

    A. The symmetric tread pattern is the most widely used design in Chinese-manufactured tyres sold in India. This tread style features identical patterns across both halves of the tyre, ensuring consistent road contact, predictable handling, and even wear over time.

    This design excels in delivering reliable performance on both wet and dry surfaces—critical for Indian roads that frequently shift from dry asphalt to rain-soaked highways during monsoon seasons. Its balanced structure reduces road noise and enhances fuel efficiency, which appeals to cost-conscious drivers. For wholesalers, offering Chinese tyres with symmetric treads ensures broad customer appeal across urban and semi-urban markets.

    Q. Which is the most budget-friendly Chinese car tyre category in India?

    A. Radial tyres from Chinese manufacturers are the most budget-friendly and popular category in the Indian passenger car tyre market. Known for their superior construction, radial tyres feature steel belts and ply layers oriented radially, which improves flexibility, heat resistance, and road grip.

    Compared to older bias-ply tyres, radial tyres offer better fuel efficiency, longer tread life, and enhanced ride comfort—key selling points for Indian consumers. Wholesalers favor these tyres not only for their competitive pricing but also for their high turnover rate. Brands like DoubleCoin, Aeolus, and Triangle have gained trust by delivering durable radial tyres that meet Indian driving conditions at affordable price points.

    Q. What are the most common materials used in Chinese car tyres sold in India?

    A. High-performance Chinese car tyres sold in India typically use a combination of steel belts, polyester, and nylon in their construction. Each material plays a vital role:

    • Steel Belts: Reinforce the tread area, enhancing puncture resistance, stability at high speeds, and tread longevity.
    • Polyester: Used in the tyre casing (carcass), it provides flexibility and helps absorb road shocks, improving ride comfort.
    • Nylon: Often layered above steel belts, it adds strength and helps maintain tyre shape under high-speed or heavy-load conditions.

    Wholesalers should prioritize tyres that use this balanced material mix, as they cater to customers seeking durability, safety, and value for money. These materials also contribute to better fuel efficiency and reduced rolling resistance, aligning with evolving consumer preferences.

    Q. Which tyre category has higher demand in the Indian wholesale market?

    A. Truck and bus tyres dominate the wholesale segment of the Indian tyre market, especially those imported from or manufactured by Chinese companies. These commercial vehicle tyres are in constant demand due to India’s growing logistics, transportation, and public transit sectors.

    Fleet operators and transport companies require large volumes of durable, cost-effective tyres capable of withstanding long-haul journeys, heavy loads, and varied road conditions. Chinese manufacturers meet this need with robust radial truck and bus tyres that offer excellent mileage, heat resistance, and retreadability.

    For wholesalers, bulk supply of these tyres ensures steady revenue and strong partnerships with commercial buyers. Additionally, the lower upfront cost compared to premium international brands makes Chinese commercial tyres a preferred choice across tier-2 and tier-3 cities.